LawPundit

The Premier Supreme Court Fantasy League : Playing Like the 10th Justice

2010-02-07T22:14:00.002+01:00

Unfortunately, we missed the start of "The Premier Supreme Court Fantasy League" this Supreme Court term, and it looks like great fun and a learning experience to boot, but our question is - who has sufficient time for this sort of thing? We are going to try it now, even though a bit late - if only as an additional instrument to hone our knowledge of Constitutional Law:

FantasySCOTUS.net | The Premier Supreme Court Fantasy League. Play Like The 10th Justice

Maryland Highway Chief: Watch the Super Bowl - Stay Out of Your Cars

2010-02-07T21:57:00.000+01:00

Getting There: Drivers getting back to normal -- too fast (updated) - From roads to rails to runways, Michael Dresser tracks transportation - baltimoresun.com

"In a noon briefing, Gov. Martin O'Malley warned that road conditions remain dangerous despite progress in clearing the snow....

The highway chief urged Marylanders to watch the Super Bowl at home tonight rather than risk being on the road after the game."

Digging Out of the Blizzard: Trendsmap.com Shows the Twitter Real-Time Word of the Day in Snow-Affected Areas of the Eastern USA is SHOVEL

2010-02-07T21:16:00.005+01:00

Trendsmap - which shows local real-time trends on a map of the world (the larger the word the more important) - currently shows that the real-time Twitter "Word of the Day" in snow areas of the Eastern USA is SHOVEL.

Take a look.

When push comes to shove, the practical things in life are the most important.

After all, there were up to 3 feet of snow in parts of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia.
That is a lot of snow shoveling, folks.

Our best wishes go out to all of our readers in the snow-affected areas. Hang in there and help out your neighbors too, if you can. Slow and easy. You can't move that amount of snow instantly.

Snow? Global Warming? Natural Laws & Climate Change: Sun Enters New Solar Cycle: Sunspot Activity Forecasts : NCAR, NASA, Tidal Planets, Solar Dynamo

2010-02-07T17:13:00.013+01:00

Global warming or snow? Whatever you may think of the climate now - it may change. What is current evidence for forecasting solar activity and climate in the next decade?

There are laws and then again there are LAWS - natural laws. Let us look at those natural laws.

Sexy science: Earth at the mercy of a restless Sun - at Times Online by Marcus du Sautoy tell us that_

"On January 19 a huge blast of light and energy erupted from the surface of the Sun, the equivalent of millions of atomic bombs being detonated. This event, called an M-class solar flare, was followed quickly by four more bursts of increasing magnitude from the same source — a sunspot.

Solar flares are so powerful that they can wreak havoc with electricity grids on Earth and scramble GPS equipment. Some have further suggested that the Sun’s activity can affect the world’s climate. These recent flares herald the beginning of an increase in solar activity that is due to peak in the summer of 2013 as part of solar cycle number 24."

We are now in solar cycle number 24.
What does that mean for us and the climate in the next decade?

An NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) News Release in the year 2006 titled Scientists Issue Unprecedented Forecast of Next Sunspot Cycle, showed the following graphics, which would have predicted more solar activity than in the previous sunspot cycle:

NASA, however, disagrees with NCAR in its solar cycle forecasts, and provides us with the following SPECTACULAR sunspot prediction graph, which predicts a much less powerful sunspot cycle than the solar cycle we have just gone through:

Who is right?

Let us look at the alleged causes of variations in solar activity.

A popular - if also scientifically controversial - explanation for sunspot cycles relies on Planet Tidal Theory, which is discussed at Landscheidt Cycles Research. The Planet Tidal Theory, which is based on planetary angular momentum and previous sunspot cycles, suggests we may be facing a Grand Minimum in the coming decade:

Although some mainstreamers scoff at Planetary Tidal Theory, it matches data derived from the study of the sun as dynamo, a model which predicts an upcoming Dalton Minimum.

A research paper recently published in the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics - hat tip to IceAgeNow.com and Dalton Minimum Returns - predicts a "Dalton Minimum", i.e. a minimum of sunspot activity at the currently approaching solar cycle sunspot maximum. The research paper, which relies on calculating the internal dynamo of the sun, was authored by C. de Jager and S. Duhau and published in Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, vol. 71 (2009), 239 – 245. Here is the abstract of that Research Paper - Forecasting the parameters of sunspot cycle 24 and beyond - from Science Direct:

"Solar variability is controlled by the internal dynamo which is a non-linear system. We develop a physical–statistical method for forecasting solar activity that takes into account the non-linear character of the solar dynamo. The method is based on the generally accepted mechanisms of the dynamo and on recently found systematic properties of the long-term solar variability. The amplitude modulation of the Schwabe cycle in dynamo's magnetic field components can be decomposed in an invariant transition level and three types of oscillations around it. The regularities that we observe in the behaviour of these oscillations during the last millennium enable us to forecast solar activity. We find that the system is presently undergoing a transition from the recent Grand Maximum to another regime. This transition started in 2000 and it is expected to end around the maximum of cycle 24, foreseen for 2014, with a maximum sunspot number R_max=68±17. At that time a period of lower solar activity will start. That period will be one of regular oscillations, as occurred between 1730 and 1923. The first of these oscillations may even turn out to be as strongly negative as around 1810, in which case a short Grand Minimum similar to the Dalton one might develop. This moderate-to-low-activity episode is expected to last for at least one Gleissberg cycle (60–100 years)."

Those same authors are also authors of an earlier "Rapid Communication" in that same journal titled Episodes of relative global warming which is abstracted as follows:

"Solar activity is regulated by the solar dynamo. The dynamo is a non-linear interplay between the equatorial and polar magnetic field components. So far, in Sun–climate studies, only the equatorial component has been considered as a possible driver of tropospheric temperature variations. We show that, next to this, there is a significant contribution of the polar component. Based on direct observations of proxy data for the two main solar magnetic fields components since 1844, we derive an empirical relation between tropospheric temperature variation and those of the solar equatorial and polar activities. When applying that relation to the period 1610–1995, we find some quasi-regular episodes of residual temperature increases and decreases, with semi-amplitudes up to 0.3 °C. The present period of global warming is one of them."

But that "present period of global warming" appears on the basis of their subsequent Research Paper, as already abstracted above, to be coming to an end.

On the whole, the majority of the above sources seem to point toward lesser rather than greater solar activity in the currently starting sunspot cycle.

Did someone say snow?

U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy Criticizes California Prisons and Attacks U.S. Criminal Sentencing (8 Times Longer than Europe)

2010-02-07T17:07:00.000+01:00

The Los Angeles Times in a report by Carol J. Williams headlines that U.S. Justice [Anthony M.] Kennedy laments the state of prisons in California, writing:

"U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy criticized California sentencing policies and crowded prisons Wednesday night, calling the influence that unionized prison guards had in passing the three-strikes law "sick."

He said U.S. sentences are eight times longer than those issued by European courts."

Kennedy is an expert in this field of legal inquiry. See the 2004 Report of the ABA Justice Kennedy Commission Fact Sheet which stated:

"The United States imprisons more people than any other country in the world.

- The nationwide inmate population today is about 2.1 million people. In California alone, there are more than 160,000 persons behind bars.

- Between 1974 and 2002, the number of inmates in federal and state prisons rose from 216,000 to 1,355,748, a more than six-fold increase.

- The likelihood of an American going to prison sometime in his or her life more than tripled between 1974 and 2001.

- According the U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, the number people incarcerated under state and federal jurisdictions per 100,000 of the total population grew from 139 in 1980 to 476 in 2002....

- In countries such as England, Italy, France and Germany, the incarceration rate is about 1 in 1,000 persons.

- Between 1982 and 1999, direct expenditures on corrections by federal, state and local governments jumped from $9 billion to $49 billion, an increase of more than 440%.

Over-reliance on incarceration disproportionately affects minorities.

- An African American male born in 2004 has a 32.2 percent likelihood of being incarcerated sometime during his lifetime....

- An African America male born in 2001 has a 1 in 3 chance of being imprisoned during his lifetime, compared to a 1 in 6 chance for a Latino male and a 1 in 17 chance for a white male. If current rates of incarceration continue, 32.2 percent of African American males born in 2001 will be incarcerated at some point in their lives, compared to 16.7 percent of Hispanic males and 5.9 percent of white males.

- About 10 percent of African-American men in their mid-to-late 20s are behind bars. In some cities more than half of young African-American men are under the supervision of the criminal justice system.

- More than 60 percent of the people behind bars in America are people of color.

- In 1999, African-Americans constituted 13 percent of drug users, Hispanics, 11 percent, and whites, 72 percent. In that same year, African-Americans constituted 35 percent of drug arrests, 53 percent of drug convictions, and 58 percent of those in prison for drug offenses.

Criminal justice systems do not prepare people to successfully reenter society.

- Approximately 95 percent of all inmates are eventually released.

- Nationwide, more than 650,000 inmates will be released from prison in 2004.

- According to the Criminal Justice Institute, the national recidivism rate in 2000 was almost 34 percent.

- In California, the state with the highest recidivism rate in the country, more than 55 percent of inmates released from prison return within 2 years.

Drug laws, particularly mandatory minimum sentences for drug crimes, are the largest driver of expanding prison populations.

- Between 1980 and 1990, the number of drug arrests almost doubled – from 581,000 to 1,090,000

- In 2001, the average federal drug trafficking sentence was 72.7 months, the average federal manslaughter sentence was 34.3 months, the average assault sentence was 37.7 months, and the average sexual abuse sentence was 65.2 months.

- In state court, the average sentence imposed in state courts for felony drug trafficking was 35 months."

The ABA subsequently issued a June 23, 2004 press release as follows:

"ABA COMMISSION CITES OVER-RELIANCE ON INCARCERATION, CALLS FOR NEW "SMART ON CRIME" APPROACH

Recommendations presented to Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy

WASHINGTON, D.C., June 23, 2004 - According to a report issued today by a special American Bar Association commission, America's criminal justice systems rely too heavily on incarceration and need to consider more effective alternatives.

"For more than 20 years, we have gotten tougher on crime," said ABA President Dennis W. Archer. "Now we need to get smarter. We can no longer sit by as more and more people-particularly in minority communities-are sent away for longer and longer periods of time while we make it more and more difficult for them to return to society after they serve their time. The system is broken. We need to fix it."

The recommendations, which do not reflect ABA policy, will be considered by the ABA House of Delegates for adoption as policy at its Annual Meeting in Atlanta, August 9 and 10.

Archer today joined Stephen Saltzburg, chair of the ABA Justice Kennedy Commission, in presenting the commission's recommendations to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy.

The recommendations, the result of a nearly year-long review of issues confronting state and federal criminal justice systems, address four primary sets of issues: sentencing and incarceration issues, racial and ethnic disparities in criminal justice systems, prison conditions and prisoner reentry issues, and pardons and clemency processes.

The commission noted that the United States imprisons more people than any other country in the world. With more than 2.1 million people behind bars, and some 650,000 set to be released this year, the commission urged jurisdictions to invest in programs that help inmates return to communities, provide alternatives to incarceration for offenders who would benefit from substance abuse and mental illness programs, and help eradicate the disproportionate impact "tough on crime" laws have on minorities. The commission also called on Congress to repeal mandatory minimum sentences.

"These recommendations are intended to make our criminal justice systems more effective and to utilize our limited resources more efficiently," said Saltzburg. "For too long we have focused almost exclusively on locking up criminals. We also need to look at the other side of the coin: what happens when they get out. We have to remember that roughly 95 percent of the people we lock up eventually get out. Our communities will be safer and our corrections budgets less strained if we better prepared inmates to successfully reenter society without returning to a life of crime."

The commission noted that about one-third of the more than 650,000 inmates who will be released this year can be expected to return to prison. Many of its recommendations are intended to help jurisdictions find ways to reduce the recidivism rate. One method, the commission noted, is for Congress and state legislatures to eliminate unnecessary legal barriers that make it difficult for some to become productive members of society. People with drug convictions-even minor possession charges, for example-are permanently ineligible for federal student loans, housing assistance or public assistance.

The commission also called on Congress to repeal mandatory minimum sentences, particularly with respect to drug crimes. "Mandatory minimum sentences tend to be tough on the wrong people," said Saltzburg. The commission's report notes that the average federal drug trafficking sentence was 72.7 months in 2001. By comparison, the average federal manslaughter sentence was 34.3 months, the average assault sentence was 37.7 months, and the average sexual abuse sentence was 65.2 months.

For minorities the situation is even more striking. The commission noted that an African American male born in 2004 has a 1 in 3 chance of being incarcerated sometime during his lifetime, compared to a 1 in 6 chance for a Latino male and a 1 in 17 chance for a white male. Nationwide about 10 percent of African American men in their mid-to-late 20s are behind bars. In some cities more than half of young African-American men are under the supervision of the criminal justice system.

The commission recommended numerous steps that jurisdictions across the country can take to address those problems. Among the highlights are proposals to:

* repeal mandatory minimum sentences;
* study and fund alternatives to incarceration for offenders who may benefit from treatment for substance abuse and mental illness
* develop and implement policies and procedures to combat racial and ethnic profiling;
* implement prison policies and programs that, from the beginning of incarceration, assist prisoners in preparing to reenter society by providing, for example, substance abuse treatment, educational and job training opportunities, and mental health counseling and services;
* identify and remove unnecessary legal barriers that prevent released inmates from successfully reentering society;
* establish community partnerships that include corrections and police officers, prosecutors, and community representatives committed to promoting successful reentry into the community and that measure their performance by the overall success of reentry;
* expand the use of executive clemency to reduce sentences, as well as other processes by which persons who have served their sentences can request a pardon, restoration of legal rights and relief from collateral disabilities.
* establish criminal justice racial and ethnic task forces to study and make recommendations concerning racial and ethnic disparity in the various stages of the criminal justice process; and
* establish reentry clinics in law schools in which students assist individuals who have been imprisoned and are seeking to reestablish themselves in the community, regain legal rights, or remove collateral disabilities

Archer formed the ABA Justice Kennedy Commission in October 2003 to address the "inadequacies - and the injustices - in our prison and correctional systems" identified by Justice Kennedy in his speech to the 2003 ABA Annual Meeting in San Francisco. In the months since, the commission has held public hearings in Washington, D.C., San Antonio, and Sacramento, Calif. During those hearings the commission heard testimony from more than 75 judges, prosecutors, defense lawyers, corrections officials, state and federal sentencing commissioners, former inmates, victims advocacy groups, and law enforcement officials.

For more information on the ABA Justice Kennedy Commission or a complete set of the commission's draft recommendations, visit the ABA Web site at www.abanews.org.

With more than 400,000 members, the American Bar Association is the largest voluntary professional membership organization in the world. As the national voice of the legal profession, the ABA works to improve the administration of justice, promotes programs that assist lawyers and judges in their work, accredits law schools, provides continuing legal education, and works to build public understanding around the world of the importance of the rule of law in a democratic society."

In spite that report, little has been done in the United States to reform the criminal justice system or its draconian three-strikes sentencing system.

Europe, for example, still has a much lower violent crime rate than the United States:

"The US homicide rate, which has declined substantially since 1991, is still among the highest in the industrialized world. Only the homicide rate of Northern Ireland in the early 1990s compares to that of the United States today. There were 17,034 murders in the United States in 2006^[35] (666,160 murders from 1960 to 1996).^[36] In 2004, there were 5.5 homicides for every 100,000 persons, roughly three times as high as Canada (1.9) and five times as high as Germany (1.0).^[37]^[38] Most industrialized countries had homicide rates below the 2.5 mark. Overall the homicide rate in the United States was similar to that of some lesser developed Eastern European countries."

It is of course not entirely correct to compare the United States and Europe directly, since each have different demographics, but there are a lot of people in jails and prisons in the United States who simply should not be there and for whom society must find OTHER solutions.

As written by Gary Fields in the Wall Street Journal (November 12, 2009) in U.S. Commission to Assess Mandatory Sentences:

"Congress has ordered the panel that advises judges on prison terms to conduct a review of mandatory-minimum sentences, a move that could lead to a dramatic rethinking of how the U.S. incarcerates its criminals.
The review is a little-noticed element of the National Defense Authorization Act signed into law last month by President Barack Obama. The defense-spending bill calls on the commission to perform several tasks, including an examination of the impact of mandatory-minimum sentencing laws and alternatives to the practice."

We wrote about this problem earlier at LawPundit in USA Drug Policy Flawed : 2.3 Million in Jail or Prison : Limits of the Criminal Sanction : Portugal Leads Way to Legal Reform & Drug Decriminalization.

Solutions are there to be had, but it would require some modernization of the American criminal justice system. Certain aspects of the American economic system also need be reformed and modernized, something which there is a reluctance to do. People must be taken off the streets - and then be put into gainful employment, not into jails and prisons.

A couple of interesting reads on these subjects are also found at:

Marijuana Policy Project (MPP):

"Someone is arrested for a marijuana offense every 37 seconds.
89% of these are for marijuana possession — not for sale or manufacture.
In the U.S., there are more arrests for marijuana possession each year than for all violent crimes combined.... Because MPP believes that the greatest harm associated with marijuana is prison, we focus on removing criminal penalties for marijuana use, with a particular emphasis on making marijuana medically available to seriously ill people who have the approval of their doctors."

Michelle Malkin - The "new" federal medical marijuana policy

UPDATE from the Washington Post, Don Thompson, February 6:

California law to free inmates early draws protests:

"A law that took effect last month that was intended to reduce inmate overcrowding by allowing early releases at state prisons and county jails is sowing confusion throughout California.

Lawmakers of both parties have called for repealing and modifying parts of the law, a county deputies' union has filed a lawsuit asking a judge to block it and a loophole was exposed after an inmate with a violent past was arrested for attempted rape just hours after his release."

Obviously, the place for violent criminals is jail and prison and these should not be let out. We are in fact in favor of far more stringent penalties for dangerous persons than exist today. In our view, the major legitimate purpose and justification of incarceration is to put such dangerous people behind bars.

When we talk about getting people out of the jails and prisons, we are talking about the petty crimes and white-collar crimes - for which people should not be behind bars if they pose no danger to the public .

Index to the book, Stars, Stones and Scholars: The Decipherment of the Megaliths as an Ancient Survey of the Earth by Astronomy | by Andis Kaulins

2010-02-07T01:33:00.002+01:00

INDEX to the book,
Stars, Stones and Scholars:
The Decipherment of the Megaliths as an Ancient Survey of the Earth by Astronomy
by Andis Kaulins, 422 pp., 6x9, ISBN: 9781412013444. The book has a 20-page two-column keyword index which we reproduce unformatted below for search purposes for those who might be interested in the immense scope of the subject matter covered by this book:

380 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars
- the numbers refer to the page numbers in the book where the keyword appears

A

Aaran – 52 Aberdeen - 42, 43, 63
Aborigines – 10 Aboyne - 44
Abruzzo – 275 Abydos - 34, 115, 308
Achernar - 160, 299 Aegean Sea - 22
Aeniad – 30 Aesculapius - 5, 97, 102, 168, 169, 280
Africa - 1, 3, 10, 11, 27, 30, 97, 99, 100-102, 167, 169, 226-228, 283, 300, 301, 309
African bracelet – 169 Aghade - 173, 175, 225
agriculture - 13, 22, 207 Ahrensburgian Culture - 17
Aill Na Mireann - 219, 220, 221 Ain - 12, 17, 19, 23, 345
Ain Ghazal - 12, 19, 23 Akita - 356, 358
Akkad – 27 Akkadian - 15
Aksum - 226, 228, 300, 301 Albania - 11
Albarosa – 280 Albersdorf - 244
Albion – 31 Aldebaran - 261, 324, 335, 361, 366
Aleutian Islands – 164 Alfriston - 145
Algonkians – 377 Allen, Richard Hinckley ("RHA") - see RHA
Allerton – 155 Alphard - 94, 122, 237, 366
Alphonsine Tables – 203 Alsace - 324, 338, 339
Altair - 48, 150, 151, 177 Altamira - 9
Altar Rock – 333 Altitona - 338, 339
Amazon – 164 amber - 20
America - 1, 3, 13, 164, 270, 278, 373, 377 Amman - 12, 19, 23
Ammerman, Albert – 13 Amon - 330
Amos – 8 Anatolia - 12, 18, 19, 22
Ancient Britain - 1, 2, 6, 27, 30, 41, 42, 44, 97, 103, 106, 113, 133, 170, 364
Ancient Ireland - 2, 187, 219 Ancient Near East - 9, 19
Andernach - 17, 273 Andisleben - 260
Andromeda - 15, 49, 65, 69, 105, 117, 127, 146, 147, 191-193, 225, 235, 258, 260, 275, 278, 305, 313, 323, 324, 333, 360, 363, 366
Anglesey - 165, 167 Anglo-Saxon - 88, 130, 139, 216
Animal, animals - 20, 68, 194, 224, 265, 284, 291, 305, 323, 339, 340, 376
Ankaa - 49, 50, 366, 368 Annaghmare - 177, 225
ant - 292, 293 Antarctica - 163, 164, 167
Antares – 52-58, 161, 170, 244, 325, 365 Antlia - 77, 91, 93
Antrim - 175, 176, 225 Apennines - 275
Apulia – 275 Apus - 82, 161
Aquarius - 15, 17, 66, 141-145, 189, 190, 258, 275, 321, 324, 338, 339, 366
Aquila - 31, 38, 45, 48, 79, 85, 95, 107, 108, 150-155, 175, 176, 177, 178, 222, 225, 234, 241, 242, 253, 258, 275, 279, 323, 324, 327, 342, 344, 346, 358, 363, 365, 366
Aquitaine – 324 Ara - 145, 161, 184, 188, 217
Arabia, Arabic, Arabs - 1, 10, 11, 39, 44, 45, 47, 57, 71, 100, 167, 173, 174, 203, 255, 260, 261, 271, 291, 299, 327, 339, 344, 354
Arbor Low - 5, 150, 151 Archaeogenetic – 10, 27
archaeologists, archaeology – 10, 13, 18, 21-23, 37, 54, 62, 64, 76, 84, 110, 133, 140, 161, 170, 171, 197, 207, 236, 266, 305, 309, 331, 359
archer – 331 Arcturus - 47, 62, 232, 365
Ardeche - 321, 322, 323, 324 Ardenne - 324, 343, 344

The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars - 381

Ardmore – 186 Ardristan - 71, 173, 174, 225
Argo - 5, 53, 77, 97, 168, 182, 198, 225, 275, 290, 291, 299, 369
Argonauts - 5, 77, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 164, 165, 169, 280
Argyll - 53, 77, 78, 79 Ariadne - 66, 104, 105
Aries - 15, 17, 48, 64, 68, 127, 141, 142, 223, 225, 235, 258, 278, 323, 324, 333, 366
arm - 139, 203, 291, 361 Armagh - 177, 225
arms - 15, 35 Arran - 51, 52, 73
Arras - 324, 342, 344 arrow - 17, 109, 158, 331, 364
Artapanus – 8 Arthur - 19, 97, 98, 105, 171, 194, 325
Arthur’s Stone Dorstone – 105 Arthur’s Stone Maen Ceti - 97, 171, 194
Asakusa – 358 Asia Minor - 30
Asian - 11, 366 Askwith Moor - 156
astronomers, astronomical, astronomy – 1-6, 8, 12, 15-18, 24, 28, 30-33, 37, 40, 44, 57, 62, 68, 73, 77, 80-85, 91-94, 97-103, 105-108, 112, 114, 116, 120, 125- 128, 133-137, , 140, 148-153, 163, 164, 170, 172, 176, 186-189, 193-195, 199, 205-208, 222, 224, 242, 250, 259, 260-264, 268, 269, 275, 278, 282, 289, 307-310, 313, 317, 318-324, 328, 330, 332, 336, 340, 341, 355, 360, 361, 362, 363, 369, 372, 374, 377
Astronomical Measure - 328, 369, 372
Asuka - 354, 355, 356, 357 Atlantic Ocean – 9
Atlas Mountains - 11, 30 Aubrey holes – 128
Aude – 335 Aughnacliffe - 204, 225
Auriga - 15, 18, 48, 69, 70, 201, 202, 225, 252, 257, 275, 278, 303, 323, 324, 333, 358, 363, 364, 366, 377
Australia – 10, 11, 163, 164, 283 Austria - 11
Autumn Equinox - 15, 39, 54, 168, 169, 170, 186, 245, 246, 317, 325, 328, 349, 364
Auvergne – 324 Avebury - 119, 139
Avieloch – 46 Aviemore - 46, 60, 62
Avize - 343, 344 Awanodake - 356
axe - 63, 154, 204, 263, 264, 346 axes - 9, 264, 303
Ayr – 51 Azerbaijan - 11
Azimuths – 40 Aztec - 164

B
Babylonian - 8, 39, 44 Badnabay - 47
Baildon Moor – 156 Balfarg - 48
Ballina – 207 Ballowall - 82
Ballybane - 183, 225 Ballyboher - 224, 225
Ballyedmonduff - 191, 192, 193, 194, 225 Ballykeel - 177, 225
Ballylowra - 200, 225 Ballymeanoch - 78
Ballynacloghy - 197, 225, 247 Ballyvatheen - 201, 225
Balnaguie – 47 Balnuaran - 1, 25, 28-32, 38, 45, 57, 162
Baltic - 1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 20, 21, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 317, 318
Baltic Countries, History of – 17 Baltic Sea - 31, 34
Baltynanima - 223, 225 Banning, E.B. – 23
barbs – 15 Barclodiad y Gawres - 97, 165
Barnenez - 325, 346 Barnmeen - 189, 190, 225
barrows - 1, 2, 3, 133, 142 Barvaux - 236
Basilicata – 275 Basques - 27
bat – 365 Bath - 93
Bavaria – 274 Beaghmore - 187, 188, 225, 242
bear - 44, 88, 151, 195, 222, 323, 344 Bede - 31
Bedford – 148 Beijing - 363

382 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars

Beizhangtan – 362 Belarus - 27
Belas Knap – 105 Belgium – 229-236, 238, 247
Belmont Castle – 67 Bemersyde - 67
Berbers – 11, 30 Bergstrasse - 266
Berlin - 36, 242, 260 Bernburg - 260
Bessa – 275 Betelgeuse - 361
Bevis’s Thumb – 142 Biblical - 8, 30, 139, 333
Bidgood, W. – 134 Bielefeld - 250
Big Dipper - 29, 63, 88, 133, 212, 262, 270 Bihan - 345
bird - 6, 15, 20, 72, 93, 108, 109, 152-155, 159, 160, 175, 177, 190, 194, 206, 207, 212, 213, 222, 234, 239, 240, 242, 256, 258, 260, 272, 291, 299, 314, 320, 335, 341, 358, 360, 376, 377
Bird of Paradise - 159, 160 Bishopstone - 145
Bison – 323 Black Sea - 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27
Blieskastel - 4, 78, 225, 237, 238 Blind Fiddler - 90
blood type, Rhesus – 30 blood types - 10
Blue Cairn – 44 boar - 20, 200, 239, 376
boat - 4, 34, 35, 53, 77, 144, 153, 164, 175, 182, 189, 257, 291, 302, 308, 315
boatbuilding – 34 bobbin - 92, 181
Bodmin Moor – 93 body - 15, 88, 160, 182, 262, 293, 296
Boeli - 4, 281, 282 Boeotia - 330
Boheh - 208, 225 Boian - 21, 22, 23
Boians – 21 bone tools - 9
Boötes - 31, 45, 46, 47, 59, 60, 61, 62, 88, 89, 91, 93, 105, 110, 122, 153, 154, 178, 191, 203, 215, 222, 225, 229, 232, 234, 245, 256, 258, 324, 327, 329, 330, 339, 374
Bord, Janet & Colin – 84 Bordeaux - 324
border stones – 1 borders - 1, 172, 220
Borders – 49 Borg-in-Nadur - 275, 294, 295
Borrowstone Rig – 64 Bosinski, G. - 17
Bosporus – 22 Bottoms - 82
Bouar - 100, 101, 102 Boubiers - 324, 341
boundaries - 2, 3 Bourg St. Maurice - 324
Bourgogne - 344 bow - 366
bracelet – 169 Braunschweig - 259
breastplate - 133, 134, 333 Brickell Point - 374
Bridestones – 152 Brigance - 30
Brignogan – 325 Brimble – 138
Brimham Rocks – 156 Brise - 349, 350
Britain - 2, 11, 20, 27, 30, 31, 42, 84, 100, 113, 115, 188, 242
British Isles - 4, 27-37, 107, 113, 163, 246 British Museum - 7, 330
Brittany - 31, 188, 242, 324, 325, 346, 347, 348, 349
Brizil – 327 Broceliande - 325
Brodgar – 54 Broomend of Crichie - 43, 50, 63
Broughton – 74 Bruay-la-Buissiere - 342, 344
Brutkamp – 244 Bucharn - 44
bucket - 17, 66, 339, 366 Budge - 33
Bugibba - 275, 296 bugle - 44
bull – 377 Bunsoh - 244
Burford – 115 Burgundy - 324, 344
Burial practices – 20 Burl, Aubrey - 31, 188, 242
Burren - 178, 225 Burtnieku Ezers - 11
Bush Barrow – 133 butterfly - 18, 323, 377

The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars - 383

C

Caelum - 76, 218, 318, 336 Caerwent - 105
Cahokia – 373 Cairn Baan - 77
Cairn Catto – 44 Cairn G - 216
Cairn of Get – 48 cairns - 1, 2, 3, 31, 37, 38, 48, 57, 171
Cairo - 8, 308 Cala Gilgati - 43
Calanais - 52, 54 Calderstones - 97, 155, 165
Caldicott – 105 Caledonians - 10
calendar - 4, 17, 102, 128, 370 calendric - 4, 136, 207, 266, 313
Callanish - 52, 54 Callippic Cycle - 128
Calzolari, Enrico - 4, 275, 277 Camaret - 325
Camelopardalis - 222, 225, 303, 324, 377 Campania - 275, 280
Camster – 48 Canada - 164, 377, 378
Cancer - 18, 51, 91, 100, 104, 122, 125, 128, 179, 180, 225, 252, 268, 324, 360, 366
Canes Venatici - 30, 258
Canis Major - 74, 79, 91, 98, 100, 122, 131, 164, 204, 225, 234, 274, 275, 280, 281, 284, 294, 295, 303, 318, 322, 323, 324, 335, 377
Canis Minor - 52, 122, 275, 334, 335 Canopus - 77, 82, 90, 100, 164, 182, 299
Capricorn - 4, 100, 126, 142, 144, 145, 152, 153, 155, 175, 176, 189, 190, 225, 258, 275, 303, 327, 360, 366
capstone - 166, 171, 177, 184, 197, 203, 212, 231, 232, 234, 331
Caput, Serpens – 168, 171, 257, 324, 325 Caribbean - 164
Carina - 53, 77, 82, 90, 164, 182, 183, 198, 225, 275, 285, 289-291, 298, 299, 369
Carlow - 173, 175, 225 Carn Brae - 82, 83
Carn Glas – 46 Carn Urnan - 47
Carnac - 4, 30, 34, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 349, 350, 351, 352
Carreg Samson – 170 Carrowkeel - 216, 225
Carrowmore - 216, 225 cartouche - 17, 100, 315
carvings - 2, 58, 125, 194, 267, 374, 375 Caspian Sea - 9
Cassiopeia - 4, 15, 45, 85, 99, 108, 127, 135, 191, 220, 222, 225, 235, 260, 261, 275, 277, 278, 279, 313, 323, 324, 333, 355, 357, 362, 366, 374
cat - 195, 265, 303 Catal Huyuk - 12, 18, 19, 27
Catigern – 145 Catstone - 220, 221, 225
cattle - 22, 315 Caucasus - 11, 314
Cauda, Serpens – 234, 257, 322, 323, 324, 325, 346, 347, 349, 352
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca – 13 Cavan - 178, 225
cave painters, cave paintings - 9, 14, 15, 17, 273, 321, 322, 323
caves - 2, 97, 194 CCR-5-delta-12 - 11
Cebalrai – 346 Céide Fields - 206, 207, 225
celestial equator - 2, 18, 38, 222, 261, 315 Celts, Celtic - 27, 47, 93, 216, 324
Centaurus - 53, 80, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 135, 154, 207, 208, 222, 225, 231, 232, 239, 259, 286, 287, 288, 296, 322, 323, 365
Central African Republic - 3, 100, 101, 102 Cepeda Peraza - 368
Cepheus - 33, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 63, 84, 85, 99, 102, 105, 108, 115, 117, 146, 147, 222, 225, 235, 245, 258, 259, 279, 313, 323, 324, 327, 343, 344, 353, 354, 355, 357, 359, 362, 365, 366, 374
ceramics - 11, 22 Cerne Giant - 114, 139
Cetus - 15, 17, 50, 64, 65, 67, 68, 76, 141, 142, 224, 225, 278, 333
Chac – 368 Chacmultun - 368
Chadlington – 118 Chalons-sur-Marne - 324
Chamaeleon - 160, 275, 295, 299 Champ Dolent - 346
Champagne - 324, 343, 344 Channel Islands - 324, 331, 332

384 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars

Chartres – 324 Chateau-Ville-Vieille - 324, 335
Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc, Cave Wall Paintings - 14, 321, 322, 323, 324
Cheops - 33, 228, 252, 254, 301, 310-313 Chephren – 33
Chianca - 280, 281 child - 253, 256, 267, 291
China – 11, 93, 164, 283, 354, 359-366 chipmunk - 147, 340
Chipping Norton – 115 Christianity – 284
Chronicles of Japan – 355 chronology - 7, 8, 83
Chunhuhub – 368 Cimmerians – 30
Circinus - 82, 259 Cissbury Ring - 142
civilization - 7, 8, 9-15, 20, 22, 34 Clackmannanshire – 64
Clare - 180, 181, 225 Clark, Grahame - 14
Clava Cairns - 1, 2, 24-33, 37-40, 45, 46, 50, 54, 57, 58, 59, 74, 162, 319
Clermont-Ferrand - 324, 334, 335, 339 Clermont-L-‘Hérault - 324
clock - 134, 136, 355 Cloghstuckagh - 221, 222, 225
Clonkeen - 201, 202, 225 Cloppenburg - 246
Clottes, Jean - 6, 15 club - 31, 153, 154
Cluny – 344 Clutter’s Cave - 113
Clyde River - 39, 73 Cnoc Freiceadain - 48
Cobh – 182 Coignafeuinternich - 47
Coille na Borgie – 48 Coldrum - 145
Columba - 74, 218, 324, 336 colure - 38, 45, 47
Coma Berenices - 30, 62, 94, 122, 178, 256, 258, 303, 330, 365
Commana - 325, 345 Compton's Encyclopedia - 17
conger eel – 65 Congleton - 152
Congy - 324, 343, 344 Connecticut - 373
Coombe Hill – 143 copper - 311
cord - 65, 89, 366 cord of the fish - 2, 66
Cork - 182, 183, 198, 225 Cornwall - 63, 82, 84-88, 91, 139, 299
Corona Australis - 55, 80, 88, 158, 165, 166, 184, 222, 373
Corona Borealis - 45, 91, 110, 154, 178, 188, 222, 234, 245, 257, 330, 339, 365, 373
Corrimony – 47 Corringdon - 91, 93
Corsica - 4, 232, 275, 276, 278, 284
Corvus - 78, 83, 94, 122, 154, 206, 207, 215, 222, 225, 231, 239, 240, 256, 258, 365
Cosmic Egg - 98, 100, 204, 280, 284 Cotswolds - 117
Couches – 324 Coumaraglin - 218, 225
Counozouls - 324, 335 County Antrim - 176
County Armagh – 177 County Carlow - 173
County Cavan – 178 County Clare - 179
County Cork – 182 County Delitzsch - 261
County Derry – 184 County Donegal - 186
County Down - 189, 190 County Dublin - 191
County Fermanagh – 195 County Galway - 197
County Kerry – 198 County Kildare - 199
County Kilkenny – 200 County Laois - 202
County Leitrim – 203 County Limerick - 204
County Louth – 205 County Mayo - 208
County Meath – 209 County Offaly - 202
County Roscommon – 213 County Sligo - 215
County Tipperary – 217 County Tyrone - 187
County Waterford – 218 County Westmeath - 220
County Wexford – 224 County Wicklow – 223
cow - 15, 17, 259 crab – 303

The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars - 385

Crater - 78, 94, 206, 207, 222, 225, 231, 255, 256, 258
Creevykeel - 192, 193, 214, 215, 225 Creswell Crags - 153, 154
Crete - 226, 228, 300 Crieff - 48, 70
Crimea – 21 Cro-Magnon - 9, 20, 307
Crozon – 325 Crucuno - 327
Crux - 82, 89, 154, 183, 208, 222, 225, 231, 232, 239, 275, 286, 287, 288, 289, 365
Cuchulain - 205, 206 Cuff Hill - 51
Culburnie – 47 Cullerlie - 43, 63
culture, cultures - 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 259, 305, 307, 341, 354
Cumbria - 163
cupmarks - 2, 3, 6, 31, 37, 38, 40, 50, 54, 56, 69, 72, 74, 100, 119, 125, 139, 147, 151, 155, 158, 182, 190, 208, 209, 212, 237, 313, 317, 336
Cursus – 161 Cyclops - 100
Cygnus - 31, 38, 42-45, 79, 85, 105-108, 112, 118, 148, 154, 175, 178, 205, 212, 216, 222, 225, 234, 241-245, 258, 275, 279, 323, 327, 341, 357, 358, 359, 360, 363
Cymry – 30 Czechoslovakia - 11

D

dagger - 199, 264 Dainas - 92, 211, 288
Danube – 22 David, Nicholas – 102
Dechend, Hertha von – 125 deer - 20, 195, 315, 366
Delitzsch – 261 Delphinus - 242, 342, 344, 358
Denbury - 97, 103, 104 dendrochronology - 8
Deneb - 44, 45, 58, 72, 85, 106, 108, 112, 118, 189, 212, 216, 365, 366
Denghoog - 244, 245 Denisova, Raisa - 9, 11, 12
Denmark - 11, 12 Denton Moor - 156
Derbyshire - 150, 151, 152 Derry - 185, 225
Derrynablaha - 198, 225 Detmold - 250
Devil’s Ring and Finger - 152, 155 Devon - 91, 97, 103, 181
Diphda – 50 distaff - 30
Djer - 115, 116 DNA - 13
Dnieper - 12, 20, 21 Dnieper-Donets - 12, 21
Dniester Bug – 22 Doddington Moor – 50
dog - 20, 206, 258, 270, 303, 340, 377 Dol de Bretagne - 325, 346
dolmen - 1, 2, 3, 31, 37, 86, 181, 184, 203, 218, 225, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 262, 270, 280, 324, 327, 331, 336, 344, 345, 351, 355, 357
dolphin - 58, 185 domestication of large animals - 22
Donegal - 186, 187 Doones - 63
Dorado - 164, 299 Dordogne - 15, 343, 344
Dornafield – 104 Douai - 342, 344
Douarnenez – 325 Down County - 189
Draco - 33, 38, 44, 72, 99, 102, 105, 107, 113, 118, 178, 209, 210, 215, 222, 225, 232, 245, 248, 258, 313, 323, 327, 351, 354, 375
Dragon - 38, 57, 359, 360, 363, 364, 365 Draguignan - 324
Dresden – 261 Druid - 61, 62, 133, 134
Druid Temple - 46, 61, 62 Drumelzier Haugh – 74
Drumnart - 212, 225 Drumtroddan - 75, 76
Dschubba - 58, 161, 170, 325 Dublin - 191, 192, 193, 194, 225
duck – 15 Duggleby Howe - 160
Duhr – 313 Dumfries - 51, 73, 75, 76
Dumfries and Galloway – 51 Dunbavin, Paul - 31
Dunstable - 148, 149 Durbuy – 236

386 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars

E

eagle - 108, 150 Earn - 48
Earth – 1-7, 43, 66, 77, 83, 97-102, 164, 228, 242, 276, 284, 299, 301, 309-313, 359
earthworks – 1-4, 97, 103, 129, 142, 149, 176, 188, 207, 238, 260, 299, 327, 339
Easter Aquhorthies - 43, 63 Eber, Eberus - 30
Eckert, R. – 11 eclipses - 4, 8, 83, 120, 128
ecliptic - 2, 4, 18, 37, 38, 62, 125, 186, 222, 261, 369
Edinburgh - 49, 65, 68 eels - 6, 49, 71, 131, 173, 174, 185, 208
Egypt, Egyptian - 5, 8, 10, 12, 15-18, 21, 27, 30, 31-38, 50, 76, 93, 100, 107, 115, 116, 142, 151, 170, 175, 196, 222, 301, 304-310, 313, 314, 315, 327, 330, 352, 362
Einstein – 133 Eire - 172, 173, 220
elephant - 157, 182, 190 Elgin - 44
elk - 20, 296, 303, 315 Eller Wood - 156
Embo – 47 Emilia Romagna - 275
empty space - 69, 74, 76, 152, 176 Encyclopaedia Britannica - 9, 30, 330
England, English - 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 14, 27, 44, 81, 82, 90, 91, 97, 101, 105, 113, 114, 137, 141-151, 156, 160, 181, 190, 199, 211, 260, 280, 299, 331, 339
Enif - 205, 206, 258, 303, 366 Enkirch - 272
Enrico Calzolari - 4, 277 Enstone - 117, 147
equinoxes - 15, 18, 45, 47, 58, 63, 69, 74, 83, 85, 93, 135, 161, 251, 258, 318, 328
Er Lannic – 327 Eratosthenes - 310
Eridanus - 4, 49, 51, 72, 75, 114, 160, 218, 225, 245, 299, 318, 324, 333, 336, 366
Escher - 96, 98 Eslie - 43, 63
Estonia - 11, 32, 34, 39, 317, 318, 319 Ethiopia - 228, 300, 301
Europe, European, Europeans – 4-13, 17, 20, 22, 27, 30, 34, 97, 115, 116, 137, 226-229, 237, 250, 262, 275, 278, 283, 300, 315, 322, 324
Externsteine - 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258
eyes - 5, 212, 213, 291, 293, 296 Eyre – 80

F

face – 101 Faleyrens - 344
False Cross - 90, 182, 183, 222, 368, 369 family - 41, 43, 256
Far East - 3, 163 father - 41, 43
Fayel – 341 feet - 15, 113, 160, 222, 254, 291, 310
Fell, Barry – 142 Felsberg - 266
Felsenmeer - 265, 266 female - 27, 110, 115, 138, 279, 339
Fenagh Beg - 203, 225 Fengtai - 363
Fergus – 30 Fermanagh - 195, 196, 225
Ferschweiler Plateau - 239, 240 Ferthair - 30
Fife - 48, 49, 64 Filitosa - 4, 232, 284
Finistere – 346 Finland - 11
Firle Beacon – 143 Fiscary - 48
fish - 15, 58, 138, 155, 166, 176, 190, 376 fishermen’s net – 80
flail - 365 flankers – 40
flood - 19, 33, 34 Florida - 164, 374
Flying Serpent, Draco – 33 Folkington - 145
Fomalhaut – 368 Fossum - 302
Fowlis Wester - 3, 70 fox - 20, 303, 365
France - 1, 4, 6, 9, 11-17, 30, 270, 275, 276, 307-327, 330, 331, 335, 336, 339, 349
Franche Comte – 324 Fraserburgh - 44
French - 14, 213, 238, 324, 333, 341, 344 French Riviera - 324, 333
Fresnicourt - 342, 344 Friuli Venezia Giulia – 275

The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars - 387

G

Gadol - 19, 27, 133, 134, 333 Gaels - 77
Gaetuli, Gaetulia - 19, 27, 30 Gaidel, Gaidels - 19, 27
Galactic Equator - 289, 293 Galactic Pole - 62, 182, 328, 330
Galashiels - 50, 64, 66 Galaxy - 54, 107, 223, 365
Gallardet – 336 Galloway - 51, 73, 75, 76
Galway - 197, 225 Gambia - 226, 228, 300, 301
Gansu - 360, 361 Gantenbrink, Rudolf - 311
Gardom’s Edge – 152 Garfinkel, Yosef - 22, 23
Gargantua – 340 Gargas - 6
Garman – 224 Gask - 46
Gatcombe – 105 Gavrinis - 326, 327, 349, 351
Gemini - 15, 51, 52, 92, 122, 125, 130, 135, 138, 200, 201, 202, 225, 252, 257, 265, 266, 267, 268, 275, 280, 303, 324, 333, 334, 335, 337, 339, 356, 358, 361, 366
gene mutation – 11 genetics - 7, 10, 13, 27
geodetic, geodetic survey – 1-5, 37-40, 54, 73, 77, 82, 91, 97, 98, 103, 105, 106, 108, 112, 114, 118, 137, 151, 158, 160, 163, 164, 186, 187, 189, 193, 195, 199, 207, 227, 228, 242, 250, 259, 260, 263, 266, 267, 268, 270, 275, 276, 278, 282, 301, 309, 310, 317, 318, 319, 324, 327, 330, 331, 336, 340, 341, 344, 349, 354, 374, 377
Georgia, Caucasus - 11
German - 6, 8, 13, 15, 22, 44, 207, 211, 230, 238, 250, 259, 260-267, 274, 313, 339
German Archaeological Institute – 13 Germanic - 237, 238, 260, 269, 270, 313
Germany - 1, 4, 11, 17, 34, 78, 225, 229, 230, 237-251, 259, 266, 270
Ggantija - 275, 286, 287, 288, 289 Ghazal - 19
giant - 15, 40, 52, 65, 257, 262, 301, 346 Giant’s House - 94
Gibraltar - 30, 229 Gienah - 112, 261
Gilgati – 43 Gimbutas, Marija - 13, 20, 21, 22, 34
Gingrich, Owen – 83 Giza - 27, 28, 33, 250, 310, 328
Glasgow - 39, 51, 73, 77 Glassel - 44
Glencullen – 191 Gleninsheen - 180, 181, 225
Globe Stone - 165, 167 Gloucester - 105, 117
goat – 190 Gobekli Tepe - 12
God - 8, 284 Goddess, Civilization of the - 13, 20, 34
Goddess, Mut – 330 Goddess, Red - 271, 272
Gogar Stone – 65 gold plate - 133
gold torque - 61, 62 Golden Stag - 259
golf - 269, 331 Gollenstein - 4, 78, 225, 237, 238
Gönnersdorf – 273 goose - 107, 108, 341, 358
Gori, Davide – 277 Gotland - 11
Göttingen – 264 Gourhet-Bréhet - 30
Gozo - 275, 276, 278, 285, 286, 289 grain threshing - 365
Grampian - 43, 63 Grand Menhir Brise - 349
Grande Borne – 335 grandparents - 256
granite - 190, 194 graphics software - 3
Great Flood - 18, 19, 27, 33 Great Mound - 137, 362
Great Square - 287, 303, 305 Great Wall – 359-364
Great Wolds Valley – 160 Greater Eslie - 43
Greece - 11, 27 Greek - 15, 30, 47, 130, 310, 327
Greek mythology – 15 Großenkneten - 246
Grossenrode – 264 Grus - 145, 275, 368
Guatemala – 371 Gudda - 27
Gudensberg-Maden – 262 Guernsey - 324, 331

388 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars

H

Hadrian’s Wall - 4, 50, 114 Hagar’Qim - 275, 297
Hal Saflieni - 291, 298, 299 Hameln - 250
hand - 13, 23, 115, 152, 155, 181, 203, 253, 260, 262, 266, 291, 323, 361
Hannover – 250 Hanuman, monkey - 333, 366
Harewood Greystone - 156, 158 Harold’s Stones - 105, 118
harpoon - 15, 17, 158 Harris - 53, 54, 77
Harrogate - 156, 158 Hasumi Yasui - 364
hat - 74, 175, 339 Hauptmann, Harald - 13
Haute (Midi) Pyrenees – 6 Haute-Normandie - 340
Hawkes, Jason – 84 Hawkins, Gerald - 120, 126, 128
head - 15, 31, 33, 44, 58, 68, 69, 74, 84, 91-93, 107-109, 113, 122, 139, 161, 167-171, 174-176, 184, 186, 190, 194, 204-210, 218, 222, 223, 231, 236, 242, 246, 248, 254-257, 261, 291-296, 299, 313, 327, 339, 341, 349, 351, 358, 360-369, 374-377
heart - 323, 365 Heath, Therfield - 148
heaven - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 24, 33, 37, 38, 39, 44, 54, 56, 57, 66, 74, 76, 77, 79, 88, 90, 93, 98, 100, 101, 104, 106, 107, 113, 131, 133, 137, 139, 148, 150, 170, 172, 190, 192, 193, 194, 201, 211, 214, 225, 242, 246, 251, 255, 257, 258, 262, 266, 270, 273, 284, 285, 287, 288, 289, 299, 302, 303, 305, 313, 316, 319, 323, 327, 328, 329, 332, 335, 349, 353, 359, 362, 370, 372, 375
Hebrew - 1, 8, 27, 44, 45, 57, 133, 313, 333, 354
Hebrew High Priest - 27, 133 Hebrews - 10, 11, 30
Hecang - 363, 364 Heel Stone - 130, 131
Heidenstein – 274 Heifetz, Milton D. - 83, 189, 360
Hele - 130, 139 Helfenstein - 262
Hembury – 91 hen - 44, 160, 253
Hercules - 45, 47, 152-155, 178, 195, 222, 225, 234, 245, 253, 257, 324, 340, 365
Hereford – 105 Herefordshire Beacon - 1, 105, 113, 114
hermetic - 1, 37, 57, 86, 87, 88, 90, 164, 284, 313, 359, 360
Hermitage – 316 Hevelius - 48
Hexi Corridor – 361 Hibernia - 30
Hierakonpolis - 175, 260, 305, 306, 307, 309, 314
hieroglyphs - 8, 76, 142, 196 Hill o’ Many Stones - 48
Hindu - 4, 52, 345 hippopotamus - 157, 305
Hoar Stones - 105, 117, 147 Hokkaido - 358
Holestone Crag – 176 Holland - 34
Hollstein, Ernst – 8 Holtorf, Cornelius - 242
Honshu - 356, 357, 358 hook - 15, 17
Hor-Aha - 5, 98 horn(s) – 15, 222, 259, 323, 353, 359
Horologium - 218, 299 horse - 22, 165, 222, 260, 278, 323, 366
Houdain - 342, 344 Höxter - 250
Hu the Mighty - 30, 33 Huangyaguan - 363
Huelgoat - 325, 348 Hügelgräber - 269
human figure - 16, 74, 266, 296 humanity - 5
Hunnenstein – 274 Hunsrück - 269, 270, 272
Hunt. hunter - 13, 145, 305, 366 Hunt Palette - 305
Hunter’s Burgh – 143 Hurlers - 84, 85, 86, 139
Hyades - 2, 15, 50, 140, 174, 200, 225, 275, 318, 319, 320, 323, 333, 335, 361
Hydra - 4, 53, 78, 82, 83, 91-94122, 128, 154, 181, 197, 207, 222, 225, 231, 237, 238, 247, 251, 254, 258, 268, 324, 327, 344, 349, 350, 351, 364, 365, 366, 373, 374
Hydrus - 54, 56, 66, 80, 145, 160, 161, 162, 164, 299, 309, 368, 369
Hypogeum - 275, 291, 298, 299

The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars - 389

I

Ice Age - 12, 17, 33, 34 Ignatievka - 9, 16, 17
Ilkley Archaeological Group – 156 Indians - 11
Indo-European - 5, 11, 58, 73, 92, 181, 202, 203, 207, 211, 222, 286, 291, 292, 315, 317, 324, 345
Indonesia – 283
Indus Valley – 34, 145, 156, 157, 165, 166, 184, 190, 283, 368
Innerleithen – 72
Inverness - 25, 28, 29, 38, 45, 46, 57, 60, 61, 62, 319
Iraq - 22
Ireland - 4, 6, 11, 30, 31, 44, 49, 71, 92, 100, 103, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 181, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 194, 203, 207, 212, 215, 217, 220, 222-225, 242, 247
Irish - 27, 30, 31, 77, 115, 173, 200, 205, 207, 213, 220, 288
Irminsul – 138 Ishibutai dolmen - 355, 357
Isle of Man - 5, 88, 98, 165 Israel - 19, 22, 23, 133, 333
Italian - 44, 228, 275, 280, 286
Italy - 4, 11, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 300, 301
Itzimte – 368 Ivanov, V.V. - 11

J

Janzé – 325 Japan - 12, 37, 164, 354, 355, 358
Jason – 5, 98, 99, 151, 164, 165, 280 Jericho - 19, 23
Jersey - 324, 331, 332 Jiuquan - 361
Jomon Culture, Japan – 12 Jordan - 12, 19, 23
Jostandis – 260 Julieberries - 145
Jupiter – 4 Justice Stone - 65

K

Kabah – 368 Kafafi, Zeidan - 19
Kaiechos – 196 Kameishi - 354, 355
Kanayama – 358 kangaroo - 164
Kapova – 9 Karelia - 315
Karnak – 330 Kassel - 262, 263
Katav-Ivanovsk - 17 Kaulins, Andis - 1, 10, 25, 29, 172, 250
Kellersteine – 247 Kelley, David B. - 360
Kelus – 10 Kelvingrove - 39, 73
Kent - 96, 145
Kents Cavern - 5, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 153, 190, 191, 280
Kerampaulven – 348 Kercado - 327, 352
Kergo – 327 Kerguntuil - 349
Kerioned - 327, 352 Kerlagat - 327
Kerlescan - 327, 353 Kermario - 327, 351
Kerroch – 327 Kerry - 182, 198, 225
Khasekhemwy – 17 Khons - 330
Kiaupa, Zigmantas – 17 Kiel - 244
Kielder Stone – 50 Kildare - 199
Kilimanjaro – 100 Kilkenny - 200, 201, 225
Killadeas - 195, 196, 225 Kilmartin - 52, 77, 78
Kilmichael Glassary – 79 Kilmihil - 180, 181, 225
Kinbrace – 48 King Arthur - 5, 98, 105, 163, 164, 171
King Orry - 5, 98, 101, 102 Kings Men - 106, 107, 110, 111
Kings Stone - 106, 107, 108, 109, 341 Kintyre – 51

390 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars

Kirchhain-Langenstein – 264 Kit’s Coty - 145
Kiuic – 368 Kleinenkneten - 246
knife – 15 Knights of the Round Table - 5, 98
Knights, Whispering – 112 Knockeen - 218, 225
Knossos - 226, 228, 300, 301 Knowlton Rings - 2, 140
Knowth - 209, 210, 225 Konya - 18
Korea – 11 Krupp, E.C. - 330
kudurri – 1 Kunda Culture - 17
Kurgan - 34, 314 Kyffhäuser - 260
Kyhna – 261 Kyoto - 354
Kyushu - 358

L

L’Ancresse Bay – 331 La Bretellière - 324, 338, 339
La Hogue Bie - 331, 332 La Longue Rocque - 331
La Spezia - 4, 227, 275, 277, 278, 279, 300, 301
La Temblais – 325 La Trinitè sur Mer - 327
La Varde Dolmen – 331 Labna - 368
Lacerta - 44, 84, 85, 108, 117, 146, 147, 205, 206, 225, 235, 245, 258, 323, 344, 360, 363, 366
Lagmore – 44 LAIKS - 11
Lake Onega – 316 lamb - 139
Lamorna – 82 Lamorna Cave - 82, 90
Lancashire - 155
landmarks - 1, 22, 100, 142, 262, 328, 359, 360
Lange Stein - 264, 267, 268 Langsteiner Wiener B - 11
Languedoc – 324 Lannion - 325
Lanvénael – 325 Lanyon Quoit - 82, 86, 87
Lanzhou – 362 Laois - 201, 225
Laozi - 361
Large Magellanic Cloud - 3, 82, 90, 159, 182, 218, 299, 309
Lascaux - 6, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 224, 253, 273, 307, 320, 321, 322, 324
latitude - 126, 228, 301
Latvia - 9, 11, 12, 20, 318, 319, 366
Latvian - 5, 11, 21, 22, 30, 31, 33, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 58, 63, 65, 92, 112, 142, 181, 195, 196, 202, 203, 207, 211, 218, 222, 253, 262, 275, 286, 288, 291, 292, 313, 318, 324, 327, 339, 345
Lauder - 64, 66 Lazio - 275
Le Balat – 31 Le Creux es Faies - 331
Le Dehus – 331 Le Plec - 30
Le Trepid – 331 Leachonich - 47
Lécluse – 344 Leda - 15
Leeds – 157 Legend Rock - 373
legends - 27, 30, 54, 88, 97, 100, 107, 115 legs - 18, 68, 79, 182, 190, 322, 323
Lehmsiek – 244 Leighterton - 105
Leipzig – 261 Leitrim - 225
Leitrim County - 203
Leo - 15, 45, 52, 53, 91, 92, 94, 104, 122, 123, 128, 181, 190, 197, 222, 225, 247, 255, 258, 264, 270, 271, 303, 313, 321, 324, 327, 366
Lepenski Vir - 21, 22 Lepus - 252, 324
Lerici - 275, 277, 278 Les Bonnets - 342, 344
Les Fouaillages – 331 Lesconil – 325

The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars - 391

Lesser Eslie – 43 Lewes - 2, 4, 142, 143, 144, 145
Lewis – 9 Lewis, Island - 52, 53, 54, 77
Lewis-Williams, David - 6, 15 LexiLine.com - 8, 17, 133, 333
Leys Castle - 61, 62 Lezardrieux - 325
Lia Fail - 209, 211 Liagans - 180, 181, 225
Liangzhou – 361 Liaotung - 360
Libra - 52, 186, 222, 231, 256, 258, 324, 327, 339, 360, 365
Liguria - 275, 277, 278 Lille - 324
Limerick - 204, 225 Limoges - 324
Limousin – 324 Ling Tai - 362
Lisbunny - 217, 225 Liskeard - 94
Lithuanian - 11, 92, 260, 318, 354 Little Heaven - 145
Litziger Lay – 272 Liverpool - 155, 165
lizard - 117, 147 LMC - 82, 90, 182, 218, 299, 336
Loch Borralan – 47 Loch of Garman - 224
Lockyer, Norman - 125, 126 Locmariaquer - 326, 327, 349, 350
Lodian – 23 Loire - 324, 337, 339, 344
Lomas, Robert – 31 Lombardy - 275
Londonderry - 184, 185 Long Stone - 117, 264, 267
Long, William - 132, 133, 134 Longford - 204, 225
Longformacus – 66 longitude - 228, 301
loom - 92, 181 Lordenshaws - 49, 50, 72
Lorraine - 324, 339 Lothian - 49
Loudon Wood – 44 Lough Gur - 204, 225
Louth - 205, 225 Loze, Ilze - 12
Lukaszewicz – 10 lunar mansions - 128, 364, 365, 366
Lund in Links - 48
Lupus - 52, 53, 80, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 165, 166, 222, 259, 322, 323, 336, 365
Luxembourg - 230, 239, 240 Lyneham - 105, 115
Lynx - 52, 195, 265, 280, 323 Lyon - 324
Lyra - 44, 107, 178, 222, 234, 241, 242, 258, 322, 323

M

MacBain’s Gaelic Dictionary - 5, 207, 222, 224
Macbeth Stone – 67 MacFarlane's Gaelic Dictionary - 207
Machrie – 52 Madagascar - 167
Maes Howe - 31, 34 Mäesalu, Ain - 17
Magdalenians - 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 273, 307, 320
Maglemosian - 9, 12 Maiden Bower - 148, 149
Maikop – 314 Mainz - 8, 267, 268
Malaysia - 283
male - 17, 27, 48, 93, 115, 137, 138, 279, 284, 306
Malta - 275, 276, 278, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299
mammoth - 169, 323 Mamoiada - 4, 282
man - 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 15, 20, 47, 64, 91, 97, 98, 139, 153, 154, 190, 207, 208, 215, 253, 256, 268, 291, 303, 305, 306, 321, 339, 365, 374
Manetho – 33 Manio - 327, 352, 353
Mannan Stone - 64, 199 manta ray - 166
map - 1, 14, 16, 18, 40, 44, 57, 58, 63, 73, 79, 80, 88, 99, 101, 103, 104, 132, 137, 142, 150, 156, 163, 167, 172, 188, 201, 225, 227, 229, 242, 277, 278, 282, 283, 285, 303, 318, 324, 325, 327, 344, 349, 354, 377

392 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars

Marburg – 264 Marche - 275, 325
Marionburgh – 44 Mark of Cassiopeia,- 277
marten – 20 mask - 369, 370
Maya - 4, 368, 369, 370, 371 Mayburgh Stone - 97, 163, 164
Mayo - 206, 208, 225
measure - 4, 5, 37, 40, 41, 57, 58, 62, 78, 82, 97, 98, 133, 142, 162, 183, 203, 222, 228, 254, 301, 328, 349, 369
Meath - 209, 210, 211, 220, 225 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - 241, 242
Medelhavsmuséet - 305 Mediterranean - 34, 115, 280, 283, 367
megaliths, megalithic sites – 1-377 Meldrum - 63, 97
Melrose - 50, 67 Memel Culture – 20
Memsie – 44 Men-an-Tol - 82, 89
Menat - 93, 324, 327, 329, 330 Menec - 327, 329
menhir - 324, 331, 335, 339, 340, 341, 344, 345, 348, 349, 350
Menit Chain, Egypt – 107 Menkar - 64, 224, 323, 333
Menkaure – 33 Mensa - 160, 299
Merida - 368, 369 meridian - 58, 161, 287
Merlin - 5, 74, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 168, 280, 325
Merry Maidens - 89, 90 Mesolithic - 9, 11, 12, 17
Mesopotamia - 1, 8, 22, 34, 37, 73, 87, 139, 367
Metapontium – 280 Method - 1
Metonic Cycle - 128, 313 Mexico - 11, 164
Mexitli – 164 Miami Circle - 373, 374, 375, 376, 377
Middle East - 12, 24 Middleton Moor - 156
Midmar Kirk - 40, 43, 63 Midsummer Hill - 1, 105, 114
Milky Way - 2, 15, 17, 31, 38, 48, 57, 64, 67, 69, 79, 89, 91, 98, 100, 112, 118, 125, 128, 131, 132, 135, 137, 158, 161, 173, 198, 199, 204, 208, 225, 234, 259, 261, 275, 279, 280, 284, 286, 289, 290, 303, 313, 315, 316, 318, 322, 323, 324, 333, 353, 354, 355, 357, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 366, 375, 376, 377
Mill Bay – 82 Millar, F. Graham - 93, 133
Min – 352 Minchinhampton - 105, 117
Minerva – 216 Minions - 86
Minyans – 5 Mireann - 220, 222, 225
Mitchell, Samuel Alfred – 8 Mizar - 30, 38, 45, 46, 60, 72
Mizuochi – 355 Mnajdra - 275, 295
Molise – 275 Monaghan - 212
Mongolian – 22 monkey - 333, 354, 366, 372
Mont Blanc - 275, 324 Mont St. Odile - 338
Monte Lungo - 201, 282, 283 Monteville - 373
Montignac – 14 Moon - 4, 33, 40, 54, 126, 144, 365, 366
moon stations - 128, 364 Morbihan - 30, 326, 327, 349, 351
Morocco - 30, 226, 300 Moselle - 270, 271, 272, 273
Moses – 8 mother - 13, 267
Mougau – 345 mound - 161
Mound Hill – 161 mounds - 2, 3, 34, 142, 176, 360
Mount Bego – 324 Mount Caburn - 143
Moyvoughly – 221 Muff - 186
Mul.Apin – 45 Mulfra Quoit - 82, 86, 87, 88
Mull - 52, 53, 77 Mullagharoy - 209, 225
mummification - 20, 169 Mur de Bretagne - 325, 348
Musca - 82, 89, 145, 164, 275, 289-293 Museum - 39, 73, 181, 242, 308, 316
Mut – 330 Mycenae – 100

The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars - 393

N

Nabala Stone - 317, 318 Nahr - 1, 5, 45, 57
Nakano-oene-Oji – 355 Nantes - 338, 339
Naples – 280 Naqada - 35, 175, 260, 305, 307, 309
Nara – 354 Naram-Sin - 98
Narmer - 5, 98 Natufian - 12
Nazca - 162, 366, 372 Near East - 13, 23
Neaufles-Auvergny - 324, 340 Nebra - 260, 261
nebula – 144 Nehar di Nur - 1
Neolithic – 1-4, 9-15, 19-23, 40-45, 74, 82, 91, 108, 113, 137, 165, 170, 181, 194, 208, 225, 242, 256, 280, 306, 313, 324, 331, 332, 339, 341, 349
Neuwied – 273 Newcastle - 4
Newgrange - 30, 209, 210, 211, 225 Newton, Sir Isaac - 7, 104
NGC 6960 - 148, 149 Nickern - 261
Niddrie Stone – 68 Nihon Shoki - 355
Nile - 33, 157, 313 Nippon - 164
Nittmann, Peter – 6 Noah - 19, 22, 34
Nobbin – 242 Nohcacab – 368
Nohpat – 368 Nord-Pas-de-Calais – 344
Norma - 145, 222 Normandy - 12, 324, 340
Norse - 27, 115, 138, 142, 263 Nörten-Hardenberg - 264
North Celestial Pole - 57, 62, 113, 209-211, 225, 250, 275, 282, 313, 322-324, 352
North Ecliptic Pole - 2, 57, 113, 209, 216, 222, 225, 229, 232, 248, 275, 282, 323-329
North Pole - 58, 66, 84, 161, 369 Northeim - 264
Northern Ireland – 2 Northumberland - 50, 72
nose - 99, 190, 223, 291, 293, 295, 366, 376
Notgrove – 105 Nottinghamshire - 153

O

oars – 144 obelisk - 145, 228, 301
Obelisk Tunnel – 145 ochre - 20, 169
Octans - 54, 56, 80, 145, 156, 158, 161, 299
octopus – 100 Odenwald - 265, 266
Odile - 324, 338, 339 Odin - 54, 260, 262, 263
Offa’s Dyke – 105 Offaly - 201, 202, 225
Oise - 324, 341 Oka - 12, 355
Old Keig – 43 Oldenburg - 246, 247
Oley - 373
Ophiuchus - 45, 47, 98, 168, 171, 178, 186, 187, 188, 191, 225, 234, 246, 247, 257, 324, 325, 327, 340, 345, 346, 348, 349, 352, 358, 365, 373
Ord – 47 Ordnance Survey - 1, 41, 42, 44
Oriental Hebrews - 30
Orion - 15, 18, 35, 51, 52, 63, 74, 76, 84, 131, 170, 217, 225, 234, 245, 252, 268, 274, 275, 278, 303, 314, 317, 318, 323, 324, 333, 358, 361, 366, 372, 377
Orkneys - 27, 33, 34, 54, 55, 80, 115, 158
Orleans – 324 Orry - 5
Otley – 156 owl - 177, 212, 213, 262, 291, 323
ox – 365 Oxford - 39, 43, 105, 117
Oxfordshire - 106, 112, 115, 117, 147 Oxkintok – 370

394 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars

P

Paestum – 280 Pajur, Ago - 17
Paleolithic - 9, 20 Palette - 304, 308
palm – 361 Palmaitis, M.L. - 11
Papua – 164 Parallelograms - 135
Parc Cwm – 171 Paris - 9, 324
Parthenon – 310 Parwich - 151
Pas de Calais – 324 pasture - 366
Pateley Bridge - 156, 157
Paviland - 5, 20, 97, 168, 169, 170, 171, 325
Pavo - 54, 56, 80, 97, 98, 145, 155, 156, 158, 184, 299, 368
Peacock – 155 Peak District - 150
Peden’s Pulpit – 68 Peebles - 45, 72, 74
Pegasus - 15, 108, 146, 147, 205, 258, 260, 275, 278, 303, 305, 313, 324, 360, 366
Peking – 363 penguins - 164
Pennsylvania – 373 Pentre Ifan - 170
Penwith - 86, 87, 88, 89 Penzance - 82, 89, 90
Perseus - 3, 6, 15-18, 48, 64, 67, 69, 70, 85, 86, 95, 122, 137, 138, 139, 173, 199, 222, 225, 235, 252, 253, 261, 275, 303, 323, 324, 344, 354, 358, 362, 363, 366, 377
Persian Gulf – 283 Perth - 3, 48, 49, 64, 70
Perthshire - 3, 69, 70 Peru - 372
Peter Nittmann – 15 Peterborough - 164, 373, 377, 378, 379
phallic - 15, 64, 199, 229, 232, 267, 284, 306 Pharaohs - 21, 23, 33, 115, 306
Pharaonic - 5, 7, 18, 20, 34, 43, 76, 107, 142, 190, 196, 222, 250, 306, 315, 330, 361
Pharaonic Egypt - 5, 7, 20, 34, 43, 250 Phoenician - 31
Phoenix - 49, 50, 72, 84, 151, 275, 298, 299, 366, 368
Pianguan – 363 Picardy - 324, 341
Picts - 27, 30, 31 Piedmont - 275
Pierre-Qui-Vire – 337 Pignone – 279
Pima Indians – 11 Pipers - 85, 90
Pisces - 15, 17, 141, 142, 258, 278, 323, 333, 360
Piscis Austrinus - 145, 368 Pitman, Walter - 19, 22
Pleiades - 2, 6, 15, 39, 49, 50, 69, 71, 87, 88, 98, 122, 138-140, 173-175, 199, 225, 234, 235, 252, 261, 275, 314, 318-320, 323, 333, 335, 344, 358, 361, 362, 366, 377
Plouarzel – 325 Ploudalmézeau - 325
Plouescat – 325 Plouhinec – 325
Pointe de la Torche – 325 Poitou Charentes - 324
Poland - 11, 318 Polaris - 44, 58, 105
Pole Star - 38, 43-45, 50, 57, 58, 66, 84, 85, 113, 117, 118, 146, 161, 162, 164, 209, 211, 225, 249, 250, 254, 255, 257, 258, 270, 275, 318, 327, 355, 362, 365, 373, 377
Poles - 275, 309, 328, 353 Polgigga - 82
porpoise - 58, 224 Port Charlotte – 52
Portsall - 325, 347 pottery - 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
Pouget - 324, 336 Poulnabrone - 179, 181, 225
Powledge, Tabitha M. – 13 prairie dog - 340
precession - 1, 38, 43-47, 58, 72, 78, 83-85, 117, 199, 211, 225, 237, 254, 313, 328
Predynastic - 35, 36, 304, 305, 306, 307 Price, Douglas T. - 22
Procyon - 52, 91, 323, 327, 334, 360, 366 Provence - 324, 333
Ptolemy – 8 Pueblo Indians – 11
Pulli – 11 Punchestown - 199, 225
Puppis - 100, 164, 198, 275, 294, 295, 323 Puuc - 368
pyramids - 8, 31, 33, 37, 38, 115, 250, 310 Pyrenees – 324

The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars - 395

Q

Qinhuangdao - 360, 364 Quadriga - 260
Quadrilatère – 327 Quarry Wood - 44
quartz - 171, 191, 194, 262 quartzite - 191, 194, 263
Queen Maeve – 216 Queen's Chamber - 311, 313
Quéguil-Bréhet – 30 Queyras - 324, 334, 335
Quiberon – 30 Qui-Vire - 324, 337, 339
quoit – 87 quoits - 2, 3, 82, 87, 91

R

rabbit - 58, 190, 255, 259, 365 raccoon - 365
radiometric analysis – 22 Raedykes - 45
Rasalgethi – 340 Rasalhague - 47, 340
rat – 365 Rathiddy - 205, 206, 225
Ratho – 69 raven - 206, 256, 366
recumbent stones – 40 Red Bird - 93, 360
Red Burn – 47 red ochre - 20, 169
Regulus - 270, 366 Reims - 324
relief(s) - 2, 87, 92, 115, 155, 147, 155, 171-175, 195, 205, 222, 224, 306, 330
remen – 310 Reu - 30
RHA (Richard Hinckley Allen), see also the footnotes - 1, 15, 31, 39, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 65, 73, 88, 260, 271, 299, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364
Rhesus, blood type – 30 Rhine - 273
Rhone Alps – 345 Riesenstein - 262, 263
rifled - 49, 71, 173 rifled stone - 71
Riom - 324, 337, 339 Ripon - 161
river - 1, 4, 12, 22, 34, 45, 50, 114, 154, 160, 218, 270, 272, 273, 300, 361
Rivock Edge – 156 robot - 311
rock drawings - 79, 167, 183, 272, 282, 283, 302-306, 309, 315, 317, 333, 377-379
Rohl, David – 8, 35 Rollefson, Gary - 19
Rollright Stones (Rollrights) - 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 341
Roman - 93, 266 Rombalds Moor - 156
Rome - 228, 280, 301 Romulus and Remus - 280
Rondossec – 327 roof - 365
rooster – 366 Roscommon - 212, 225
Rose, Mark – 13 Rostrennen - 325
Rote Göttin – 271 Rough Tor - 91, 93
Round Table - 5, 98, 163, 164 Roussillon - 324
Rouussayrolles – 324 Royston - 148, 149
rudder - 144, 164, 182 Rudston - 160
Rügen - 241, 242 Russia - 1, 9, 11, 16, 17, 315, 316
Russians – 11 Ryan, William - 19, 22

S

Sa Perda Pinta - 4, 282 Saarbrücken - 4, 237
Sagitta - 45, 48, 152, 175, 176, 242, 279
Sagittarius - 54, 55, 80, 125, 131, 135, 155, 158, 165, 166, 175, 176, 184, 185, 222, 225, 243, 322, 323, 324, 327, 331, 356, 358, 360, 361, 364, 365, 368
Sahara – 309 Saik - 47
Sailly-en-Ostravent – 344 Saint Samson sur Rance - 347
Saint Sulpice – 344 Sainte Barbe - 327
Saint-Emilion – 344 Sakafuneishi - 354, 355

396 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars

Sakurajima – 358 Salah - 30
Saltdean – 145 San Bartolo - 371
Sanskrit – 88 Santillana, Giorgio de - 125
Saone-et-Loire – 344 Sarasvati - 34
Sardinia - 4, 201, 275, 276, 278, 281, 282, 283
Saros Cycle - 128, 313 Sarsens - 121, 122, 124
Saruishi - 354, 355 Saudi Arabia - 11
Saulheim - 267, 268 Saumur - 324
Scandinavian – 1,11, 12, 17, 27, 30, 34, 35, 77, 304, 305, 306, 308, 318
Scelinskij, V.E. - 9, 17 scepter - 15, 52
Schalenstein – 244 Scheat - 146
Schelde – 238 Schindeldorf - 269
Schleswig-Holstein – 244 Schwörstadt - 274
Scorpio - 39, 52, 53, 54, 58, 74, 125, 161, 165, 166, 168, 170, 175, 176, 186, 187, 188, 222, 244, 245, 317, 323, 324, 325, 327, 347, 349, 350, 358, 360, 365, 369
Scorpion King – 98 Scota - 27, 30
Scotland – 1-6, 25-33, 38-46, 52-64, 77, 80, 103, 114, 162, 173, 199, 319
Scots - 11, 27, 30, 115 Scottish Chronicle - 30
sculpted - 2, 3, 20, 97, 147, 190, 191, 236, 250, 256, 258, 266, 267, 289
Scutum - 45, 48, 243, 363 Scythian - 34
seafarers - 3, 34, 37, 88, 98 seal - 54, 58, 224
seals – 185 seals, gypsum - 311
Secret Chamber – 312 Semerkhet - 33
Serpens - 45, 58, 161, 168, 169, 171, 178, 187, 188, 215, 222, 225, 234, 246, 247, 257, 317, 322, 323, 324, 325, 338, 339, 346, 347, 349, 352, 358, 365, 369
serpent - 168, 171, 178, 190, 246, 299, 314, 339, 349, 375
Serpievka – 17 Serug - 30
Seven Daughters of Eve - 7, 9, 322 Seven Maidens - 342, 344
Seven Sisters – 145 Sextans - 78
shaft - 311, 313 Shaft of the Dead Man - 6, 14, 15
shaman - 5, 97, 168 Shandan - 361
Shanhaiguan – 364 Shanhaikuan - 360
shark - 76, 185 sheep - 22, 68, 139, 222
Sheriffmuir – 50 Shetlands - 54, 56, 80
Shikoku – 358 Shiwa - 52
shoulder - 30, 203, 206, 215, 339 Shuldt - 242
SI AN BHRU – 209 Sicily - 275, 276, 291
sickle – 15 Siebensteinhäuser - 248
Silbury Hill - 17, 137, 139 Silk Road - 359, 361
Simandre-sur-Suran - 324, 345 Simandre-Sur-Suran - 345
Sirius - 15, 100, 274, 280, 303, 324, 335 Sirokov, V.N. - 9, 17
Sistrum – 107 Skara Brae – 33
Skipton Moor – 156 Skirza Head - 48
Skorba - 275, 292, 293, 296 Skregg - 212, 213, 225
Skull Stone – 159 skulls - 11, 12, 159, 322, 323
Skye - 52, 53, 77, 80 Slighe Cualann - 211
Sligo - 192, 193, 214, 216, 225 Slovenia - 11
Small Magellanic Cloud - 145, 299 SMC - 145
snake, see serpent, Draco, Hydra – 366 Snowden Carr - 156, 159
Sode Boshi – 358 solar eclipse - 8, 216, 261, 313
solstices - 2, 38, 39, 45, 72, 74, 83, 85, 130, 135, 154, 208, 216, 258, 318, 328
Sooaluse – 318 Sothic – 135

The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars - 397

South Pole – 2, 58, 66, 82, 142, 159, 161, 162, 182, 183, 298, 299, 336, 309, 369
Southern Cross - 45, 82, 89, 275, 286, 365 southern skies - 3, 88
Southern Triangle - 58, 82, 88, 145, 161 Spain - 9, 11, 27, 30
Speckner, Rolf – 257 Spellenstein - 78, 237, 238
Sphinx - 250, 313 Spica - 38, 93, 110, 232, 329, 339, 360
spindle - 30, 92, 181 spinning wheel - 18, 92, 179, 181
Spinster’s Rock - 91, 92, 181 Spofforth Stone - 156, 158
Spring Equinox - 15, 17, 170, 234, 245, 261, 317, 333
squid – 232 St Cleer - 94
St. Barbe – 350 St. Emilion - 324
St. Guénolé – 325 St. Ingbert - 237
St. Ives – 86 St. Mathieu - 325
St. Michel – 327 St. Patrick's Chair - 208, 288
St. Petersburg – 316 stadia - 310
staff - 31, 45, 47, 168 Staffordshire - 155
stag - 222, 259 Stamm, Christian - 257
standing stones – 1 Stanford University - 13
Staraya Zalavruga – 315 Starry Night Pro - 4, 8, 83, 264, 320
stars – 1-369 Steinacleit - 52, 54
Stockholm – 305 stomach - 366
Stone Age, see Neolithic stone alignments, stones – 1-379
Stonehenge - 30, 119-136, 228, 264 Stowe’s Pound - 91, 93
Strasbourg – 324 Straube, Gvido – 17
Strichen – 44 Stripple Stones - 91, 93
Stromberg - 269, 270 Suilven - 47
Sumerians – 21, 22, 30, 34, 39, 43, 45, 51, 151, 323
Summer Solstice - 8, 30, 82, 83, 97, 128, 130, 131, 181, 206, 207, 216, 222, 251, 254, 262, 289, 313, 328, 330, 349, 364, 365, 366, 373, 374
Sun - 4, 8, 33, 40, 54, 92, 126, 128, 131 Sunhoney - 40, 41, 43, 63
Süntelstein – 248 supernova - 148
surveying, surveyors - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 43, 57, 101, 103, 165, 167, 220, 225, 226, 228, 229, 237, 242, 247, 269, 278, 300, 301, 349, 373, 377
Sussex - 141, 142 swallow - 365
Sweden - 11, 35, 226, 229, 247, 300, 301, 305
Swinburne – 50 sword - 171, 199, 217, 364
Sykes, Bryan - 7, 9, 13, 322 Sylt - 244, 245

T

Ta’Hagrat - 275, 291, 292
tail - 38, 58, 66, 137, 152, 155, 176, 190, 253, 293, 303, 313, 339, 346, 359, 363
Takamatsuzuka – 355 Tangier - 226, 228, 300, 301
Tanum, Tanumsheide - 35, 226, 228, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305
Tara - 209, 211, 225 Tarxien - 275, 285, 289, 290, 291, 299
Taurus - 2, 15, 39, 40, 50, 51, 68, 73, 74, 122, 200, 201, 217, 225, 234, 235, 245, 252, 253, 257, 261, 275, 278, 314, 318, 320, 323, 324, 333-335, 344, 361, 366, 377
Tauta, folk – 63 Tayside - 49
Temple - 33, 39, 43, 45, 54, 61, 151, 280, 291, 294, 330, 354, 355, 358
Teotihuacan - 33, 367 Terneuzen - 238
tether – 305 Thalimain - 48, 365
The Face - 97, 98, 99, 100, 101 Therfield - 148
Thiele, Edwin R. – 8 Thor’s Hammer - 374
Thornborough Circles - 161, 162 thread - 30, 89, 92, 104

398 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars

Thuban - 38, 105 Thunder Barrow - 143
Thurayya - 71, 173 Tifinag - 142
tiger – 365 Tikal - 370
Timoney - 217, 225 Tinkinswood - 171
Tintagel – 93 Tipperary - 217, 225
Tireighter - 184, 185, 225 Tirnony - 184, 225
Togher – 223 Tokyo - 358
Tollis Hill – 66 Tomnaverie - 44
Tompkins, Peter - 228, 301, 310 tools - 3, 9, 12
Torbay – 96 Tordarroch - 46, 63
Torhousekie – 76 Tormain Hill - 69
Torphins – 44 Torquay - 2, 91, 96, 99, 104, 280
Torry Burn - 49, 71 tortoise - 355, 365
Traben-Trarbach - 271, 272 Tramonti - 277, 278
tree - 8, 33, 138, 159, 207, 365 Tree of Life Stone - 159
tree rings - 8, 33 Trefignath - 165, 166
Tregastel – 349 Tregiffian - 82, 89
Trelew - 82, 90 Trellech - 105, 118
Trentino Alto Adige – 275 Trethevy Quoit - 91, 94
Triangulum - 15, 17, 48, 49, 64, 69, 88, 223, 225, 235, 323, 366, 369
Triangulum Australis - 88, 145, 222 Triangulum Galaxy - 223
Trilithons - 125, 127, 128 Trittenheim - 270
tropical year - 17, 370 Troy - 30
Trundle – 142 Tuatha de Danaan - 63
Tucana - 145, 156, 158, 159, 161, 368 Tuilyies - 49, 71, 173
Tullies Stone - 49, 71 tumuli - 2, 82, 142, 238
Tunis – 301 Turais - 100
turkey – 377 Turkey - 11, 18
turtle - 107, 185, 190, 291, 299, 354, 355, 366
Tuscany – 275 Tweedsmuir - 68
twig - 217, 224 Tyne - 4, 50
Tyrebagger - 43, 63 Tyrone - 187, 188, 225

U
Uist - 52, 53, 77 Ukraine - 12, 22
Uley – 105 Umbria - 275
United Kingdom - 91, 325, 341, 349 Ur - 34, 242
Uragh - 182, 198, 225 Urals - 9, 16, 17
Ursa Major – 29-31, 38, 45-47, 60-63, 72, 88, 105, 118, 122, 131, 133, 153, 154, 212, 213, 216, 222, 225, 255, 262-265, 270, 271, 323, 324, 327, 351, 352, 365, 366, 373
Ursa Minor - 42, 44, 50, 63, 84, 105, 118, 204, 210, 225, 263-265, 327, 352, 373, 374
USA - 164, 360, 374 Uxmal – 368

V
Valle D’aosta – 275 Varenne, menhir - 339
Vastokas – 377 Vedic - 333
Vega - 44, 58, 107, 222, 242, 245, 322, 323 Veil and Lacework Nebula - 148, 149
Vela - 53, 77, 91, 93, 182, 183, 198, 222, 225, 275, 290, 291, 322, 323
Vendée - 324, 339 Veneto and Venice - 275
Vernal Equinox - 17, 18, 76, 92, 302, 324, 366, 372
Vikings – 27 Virgil – 30

The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars - 399

Virgo - 30, 38, 52, 54, 59, 91, 93, 94, 110, 122, 135, 138, 154, 178, 193, 214, 215, 216, 222, 225, 229, 231, 232, 240, 256, 258, 303, 324, 327, 329, 330, 337, 338, 339, 360, 364, 365
Visbek - 246, 247 Visbeker - 247
Visvamitra – 88 void - 365
Volans - 164, 275, 297, 299 Vulpecula - 242

W
wagon – 366 Wain - 63, 88
Wales - 4, 81, 97, 103, 105, 114, 118, 126, 137, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 176, 325
Walker, Martha - 60
Wall Painting - 18, 175, 260, 305, 306, 307, 309, 314
Warrior – 360 Warwickshire - 112
water - 6, 19, 33, 34, 58, 160, 190, 318, 339, 354, 355, 362
Waterford - 218, 225
Wayland’s Smithy - 2, 105, 117, 146, 147, 260
Weissenstein – 262 well - 52, 217, 266, 339, 361, 366
Welsh - 27, 30, 115 Welsh Triad - 30
Weris - 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 247
Westmeath - 219, 222, 225 Wether Law - 66
Wexford - 224, 225 whale - 190, 224
wheat – 22 Whispering Knights - 112
White Barrow - 91, 93 White Sea - 315
White Stone - 45, 72 Whitehawk - 143
Whitehorse – 373 whorls - 54, 74, 76
Wicklow - 223, 225 wife - 27, 30, 330
Wigtown – 76 Wildeshausen - 246
Wilhelmshöhe - 262, 263 William Long - 133
Wilmington – 145 Wiltshire - 119, 132, 133
Windmill Tump – 105 wings - 291, 366
Winter Solstice - 15, 17, 38, 50, 142, 144, 189, 205, 303, 320, 330, 366
Winterbourne Stoke - 2, 139, 140 Wodanstein - 262, 263
wolf - 20, 280, 303, 366
woman - 148, 181, 184, 215, 253, 256, 289, 291, 339, 374
Woodhenge – 136 Wooley - 34
world - 34, 37, 91, 96, 97, 98, 103, 119, 168, 169, 201, 250, 266, 282, 284, 299, 313
World Map - 282, 283 worldwide - 3, 5, 33, 54, 311

X
Xaghra – 286 Xkalumkin - 368
Xkichmook – 368 Xkipche - 368
Xkpche – 368 Xlapak – 368

Y
Yamaguchi - 358 Yarmukian - 19, 22, 23
Yarrows – 48 Yinchuan - 362
Yorkshire - 156, 158, 160, 161 Yucatan - 359, 368, 369
Yukon – 373 Yumen – 361

400 – The Keyword Index to Stars Stones and Scholars

Z
Zangato, Étienne – 102 Zennor Quoit - 82, 86
Zhangye - 359, 360, 361 ziggurats - 37
Zodiac - 5, 40, 125, 128, 132, 133, 135, 163, 288, 369
Zosma – 313 Zvejnieki – 11

The Tech View at the Economist about Patent Nonsense is that the Era of Frivolous Patents May Soon End

2010-02-06T23:51:00.002+01:00

Tech.view: Patent nonsense | The Economist 5 February 2010

"An end to frivolous patents may finally be in sight....

America’s Supreme Court is about to issue a ruling which, by all accounts, will make it difficult, if not impossible, to get a patent for a business process. And because most business processes are, at bottom, computer algorithms, the Supreme Court’s judgment could also bar all sorts of software patents in the process. As a result, a lot of patents for online shopping, medical-diagnostic tests and procedures for executing trades on Wall Street could be invalidated."

Genetic Privacy : Genetic Testing in New York : Newborn DNA Samples in Texas : German Genetic Diagnosis Act Went Into Effect on February 1, 2010

2010-02-05T01:42:00.000+01:00

As reported in numerous German-language sources, the German Genetic Diagnosis Act (Gendiagnostikgesetz, GenDG) - English translation at eurogentest.org - took force on February 1, 2010. This law is of interest for many disciplines, especially in view of the recent "genetic privacy" decision in Texas and the pending passage of Katie's Law in New York.

A summary of the German law is found at DRZE - Predictive Genetic Testing - this is an excerpt:

"1. The German Genetic Diagnostics Act (GenDG)

... The German Genetic Diagnostics Act will come into effect on 1st February 2010 (§ 27).

The Act explicitly aims at defining the prerequisites for genetic testing and genetic analysis performed in the context of genetic testing, as well as for the use of genetic samples and data, and at preventing discrimination on grounds of genetic predisposition, in order to ensure the state's commitment to respect and to protect human dignity and the right to informational self-determination. (§ 1)

The scope of the Act is not limited to predictive genetic testing: it extends, in fact, to genetic testing carried out on (born) human beings (i.e. postnatal) as well as to genetic examination of embryos and foetuses (prenatal; see special provisions in § 15), covering different contexts and purposes of application (§ 2 para. 1). Besides the use of genetic testing for medical purposes, the Act regulates the use in the field of insurance (§ 18) and in working life (§§ 19-22), as well as genetic screenings (§ 16), and also covers tests to determine parentage ('paternity tests', §17). However, it does not address the use of genetic testing and analysis or the handling of genetic samples and data for research purposes (§ 2 para. 2 no. 1). Moreover, the Act does not apply to measures carried out under provisions relating to criminal proceedings, international mutual assistance in criminal matters, and the Federal Criminal Police Office Act (BKA-Gesetz) (§ 2 para. 2 no. 2 letter a), or relating to the Protection against Infection Act (IfSG) (§ 2 para. 2 no. 2 letter b)."

Read the full summary here and the full English translation of the text of the law here.

Plese Note: Various English translations of the name of the Act can be found, but "Genetic Diagnosis Act" is by far the most prevalent, even though DRZE uses a different translation.

The Body Snatchers are Alive and Well : In ACLU v. Myriad, the Battle over DNA Patents Rages

2010-02-04T00:27:00.002+01:00

The Daily Scan at the GenomeWeb headlines In ACLU v. Myriad, It's Scientific Accuracy, 0, and Wild Speculation, 1, writing:

"Unless you've been living under a sequencer, you already know that the ACLU v. Myriad gene patent hearings began yesterday. Daily Scan was there for the circus, held in a standing-room-only courtroom in downtown New York. The ACLU attorneys spent much of their time arguing that isolated DNA was not 'markedly different' from native DNA, and therefore not eligible for patent protection."

The case involves the attempt to patent "isolated" DNA pursuant to the claim that such "isolated DNA" does not appear in that "cut way" as native DNA, i.e. that if you take a set of links out of a previously existing chain link, THAT is an invention.

One has to view this all with a sense of humor. Is it not amazing the creative lengths to which human beings in our society will go to make money? to obtain monopolies where possible and then to subsequently "rip off" their fellows commercially if they can.

A DNA patent means essentially that if "Institution A" obtained a patent on "isolated DNA X" then another "Institution B" which e.g. isolated that same "DNA X" out of YOUR body could not do a thing with it because "Institution A" would OWN the "patent" to that isolated DNA.

We have serious difficulties in viewing DNA patenting as anything other than a gross absurdity. If DNA patents are approved, thousands of commercial enterprises will soon OWN the patents to your body and mine. The patent trolls will function as the body snatchers of the future.

Frankly, from our point of view, the answer in this case has to be - NOT PATENTABLE - because it is NOT man's invention, but God's invention, and God's inventions - whether in whole or in part - are not patentable - at least, given the way that we read the U.S. Constitution.

Ira Glasser - former ACLU Executive Director - at the Huffington Post : Understanding the Citizens United U.S. Supreme Court Ruling

2010-02-03T23:59:00.001+01:00

At the Huffington Post, Ira Glasser (Executive Director, ACLU, 1978-2001, Retired) sets straight the erroneous and oft emotionally distorted opinions floating around about the Citizens United Ruling, writing inter alia:

"The recent decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission has been greeted with screaming dismay by most liberals. Many of them mistake the decision for doing things it did not do: for example, one hyperbolic letter to The New York Times asserted that the decision overturned "the century-old ban on corporate contributions to political campaigns." It did no such thing. Corporations are still banned from contributing to a candidate or to a candidate's campaign. The assertion was wrong, and the Times was remiss in publishing such a factually false claim.....

1. The issue at stake in the case was whether, consistent with the First Amendment, the government could criminalize speech that criticized a public official who was also a candidate for elective office, 60 days before a general election and 30 days before a primary."

One should read that article in full to understand that the Citizens United ruling greatly supports free speech on both sides of the political fence.

See our previous posting Money is not Speech : The Volokh Conspiracy Calls the Legal & Political Community to Order on US Supreme Court Corporate Free Speech Decision

Changes to EUR-Lex, Official Journal of the European Union (EU), Legislative Acts, New Numbering in Treaties : EUR-Lex Newsletter 8/1/2010

2010-02-03T22:56:00.001+01:00

The EUR-Lex Newsletter 8/1/2010 : Access to European Union Law contains important information about changes to EUR-Lex, to the Official Journal of the European Union, to a distinction introduced between legislative and non-legislative acts, and reference to the new numbering of the 'Treaty on European Union' and the 'Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union' as per the Lisbon Treaty. EUR-Lex writes:

"The EUR-Lex website has been harmonized with the other websites of the Publications Office....

From first January 2010 the structure of the Official Journal is adapted in order to take account of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon....

In particular a distinction between 'Legislative acts' (L I) and 'Non-legislative acts' (L II) has been introduced in conformity with the Treaty of Lisbon....

Articles, sections, chapters, titles and parts of the 'Treaty on European Union' and of the 'Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union' are renumbered (Treaty of Lisbon article 5 and Annex)."

For more details, see the Newsletter.

EUR-Lex : Free Access to European Union EU Law : Official Journal, Treaties, Legislation, Case Law, Legislative Proposals

2010-02-03T22:41:00.001+01:00

EUR-Lex

"EUR-Lex provides direct free access to European Union law. Here you can consult the Official Journal of the European Union as well as the treaties, legislation, case-law and legislative proposals. You can also use the extensive search facilities available on EUR-Lex."

Web Censorship, Human Rights and the Law : US Senator Dick Durbin to Hold Hearing on Global Internet Freedom

2010-02-03T22:26:00.001+01:00

AFP: US senator asks companies about China rights practices

"US senator on Tuesday asked 30 leading companies, including Amazon, Apple, Facebook, IBM, Nokia and Twitter, for information about their human rights practices in China after Google's threat to leave the country over cyberattacks and Web censorship.

Democratic Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois, chairman of the Judiciary Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law, also announced plans to hold a hearing in February on global Internet freedom."

Objectives of the fiveIPoffices : EPO, JPO, KIPO, SIPO, USPTO

2010-02-03T22:20:00.000+01:00

For the Objectives of the "five IP offices" - EPO, JPO, KIPO, SIPO, USPTO - see here.

European Patent Office (EPO) Official Journal January 2010 is Now Online

2010-02-03T22:06:00.001+01:00

The Official Journal of January 2010 of the European Patent Office (EPO) is now online here.

Doing Business in Europe – the legal pitfalls | Enterprise Europe

2010-02-03T21:55:00.000+01:00

Doing Business in Europe – the legal pitfalls | Enterprise Europe

"Considering doing business with Europe? Come along to this new seminar to find out how to avoid some of the legal pitfalls when you sell your goods....

Thursday 4th February 2010, Holiday Inn Rochester [UK]

8.30am - 10.30am

Light breakfast included
To book for this event, click here...."

The Gene Patent Debate at Genomics Law Report

2010-02-03T14:47:00.001+01:00

Up Next in Gene Patents: Waiting for a Ruling (Again) and SACGHS Meets (Again)

Why Are There No Arab Democracies? asks Larry Diamond at the Journal of Democracy

2010-02-02T21:55:00.003+01:00

Why Are There No Arab Democracies? asks Larry Diamond in the "Twentieth Anniversary Issue" of the Journal of Democracy (January 2010, Volume 21, Number 1).

The Journal of Democracy writes that "Democracy has held its own or gained ground in just about every part of the world except for the Arab Middle East. Why has this crucial region remained such infertile soil for democracy?"

Diamond is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Freeman Spogli Institute at Stanford University and director of Stanford’s Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law. He is the author of The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies Throughout the World (2008) and is founding coeditor of the Journal of Democracy. He begins his thought-provoking article as follows:

"During democratization’s “third wave,” democracy ceased being a mostly Western phenomenon and “went global.” When the third wave began in 1974, the world had only about 40 democracies, and only a few of them lay outside the West. By the time the Journal of Democracy began publishing in 1990, there were 76 electoral democracies (accounting for slightly less than half the world’s independent states). By 1995, that number had shot up to 117—three in every five states. By then, a critical mass of democracies existed in every major world region save one—the Middle East. Moreover, every one of the world’s major cultural realms had become host to a significant democratic presence, albeit again with a single exception—the Arab world. Fifteen years later, this exception still stands.

The continuing absence of even a single democratic regime in the Arab world is a striking anomaly—the principal exception to the globalization of democracy. Why is there no Arab democracy?"

Read the article here.

BuzzMachine : Davos 2010 : Replace the Old Order?

2010-02-02T15:42:00.001+01:00

BuzzMachine

"The theme of this year’s World Economic Forum meeting at Davos was “rethink, redesign, rebuild.” When a friend recited that list for me, I responded that given the institutions there, the more appropriate slogan is “replace....

The World Economic Forum actually does an admirable job trying to push its members into [the] future.

But one must wonder whether they can go fast enough — given this crowd’s resistance to change — and thus whether they are helping the right people."

U.S. Sentencing Commission Proposes Reduced Criminal Penalties for Corporations having Compliance Programs | WSJ Law Blog

2010-02-02T14:59:00.003+01:00

In Federal Agency Proposes Reduced Criminal Penalties for Corporations at the WSJ Law Blog, Amir Efrati writes:

"What kind of penalties should companies face when their employees commit crimes?

[T]he U.S. Sentencing Commission ... last week included a proposal in this 78-page document to reduce exposure by organizations whose employees engage in criminal behavior....

Under the proposal, highlighted in today’s [January 29, 2010] WSJ story, corporations could receive credit during sentencing if they have compliance programs designed to combat white-collar crime....

The proposal, which the commission has released for public comment, would reduce fines and penalties even if high-level company officers were involved in the criminal activity."

Applying criminal penalties to white-collar crime by employees of corporations has never been very successful and can lead to disastrous results, such as in the case of Arthur Andersen LLP, which ultimately went out of business due to a criminal prosecution for destruction of evidence that cost "thousands of jobs". As written at the previously cited WSJ story by Gary Fields:

"Changing how corporations are handled in criminal cases is one of the commission's priorities this session, and the proposal tackles a controversial area of law. After the corporate accounting scandals in the early 2000s, the Department of Justice prosecuted a number of companies, including Enron's accountant, Andersen LLP. The conviction, though overturned later by the Supreme Court, put the company out of business, resulting in thousands of jobs lost. "

The issue involved here is important for law, touching again upon the inexorable question of the limits of the criminal sanction. As we have written previously at LawPundit:

"Who out there in the American criminal justice system understands the basic wisdom found in Herbert Packer's Limits of the Criminal Sanction? What lawmaker, government official, judge, prosecutor, or prison official in the United States has ever read Packer's book - much less applied the inexorable legal policy conclusions demanded by it? (see Google Books, this PPT and Packer's Two Models of the Criminal Process)

Not every undesirable human action or activity in society is or should be subject to criminal punishments. There are other - more modern - means available to deal with socially undesirable behavior."

What about the barbaric system of handcuffs for white-collar crimes? Totally unnecessary.
We wrote previously at LawPundit:

"[E]xecutives being carted away in handcuffs - what is the point of this barbaric government behavior - have the authorities seen too many Westerns on TV? Handcuffs are for dangerous violent persons, not for white-collar circumstantial crimes. The whole image is terrible for the entire justice system. It is terrible for America. Land of the free? Model for the world? Hardly. Forget that myth. "Prison Justice" and the "binding of the hands of prisoners" (just look at ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs ) has been known since antiquity - there are better, more modern and humane solutions.] "

The proposals of the U.S. Sentencing Commission unfortunately retain the implicit assumption that "criminal penalties" and "internal government control" are the most advisable ways to deal with white-collar crime in corporations, whereas there is simply no empirical evidence anywhere that such an assumption is accurate.

We suspect that any good economist will tell the lawmakers and regulators that white-collar crimes are economic by nature and should be penalized in due course by economic sanctions, rather than by primitive barbaric criminal incarceration and the like.

Arianna Huffington: Davos Diary 2010: Snapshots from My Short But Sweet Visit

2010-02-02T14:30:00.000+01:00

Arianna Huffington: Davos Diary 2010: Snapshots from My Short But Sweet Visit

"Things got off to an interesting start before I even arrived. I happened to be on the same flight from D.C. to Zurich as Larry Summers, who was reading Martin Jacques' weighty tome, 'When China Rules the World. His review: 'Interesting...and disturbing.'"

Davos Conversation's Universe (801)

2010-02-02T14:11:00.000+01:00

Davos Conversation's Universe (801)

World Economic Forum 2010 Ends

2010-02-02T14:09:00.000+01:00

World Economic Forum - Home

"At the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2010 in Davos, participants resolved to rethink, redesign and rebuild the global economy to ensure principled growth and sustainability."

Huckabee on Tax Policy at the New Jersey Estate Planning & Elder Law Blog

2010-02-02T12:10:00.002+01:00

At the New Jersey Estate Planning & Elder Law Blog Deirdre Wheatley-Liss of Fein Such Kahn & Shepard relates A conversation with Mike Huckabee [former governor of Arkansas] on Tax Policy where she asked Huckabee the following question:

"Governor Huckabee, here in New Jersey we are in the most expensive state to live in and the most expensive state to do business in from a tax perspective. How is it that the government's share in our work could be productive to our businesses instead of having a dampening effect?"

Wheatley-Liss summarizes Huckabee's reply:

* Corporate Tax does not exist [because] "Taxes are a cost of doing business that is passed along to the ultimate consumers of good and services - you and me."

* A FAIR tax would jumpstart the economy.... Gov. Huckabee explained it as a tax on consumption....

* Eliminate tax penalties for bringing offshore dollars into the US as an immediate solution to our fiscal crisis....

Read it all.

The future of legal education? SIMPLE. SIMulated Professional Learning Environment.

2010-02-02T11:33:00.004+01:00

Paul Maharg of Zeugma in his draft document at SlideShare titled The permeable web: community, value and ethics in legal education, discusses SIMPLE - SIMulated Professional Learning Environment - in its application to law studies.

Maharg writes:

"Draft paper. Do not quote without permission of author.

The discussion of an innovative simulation is really a discussion about what legal education can be. "

The permeable web: community, value and ethics in legal education

View more documents from Paul Maharg.